Production and Control of Scatter Radiation
Production and Control of Scatter Radiation
Production and Control of Scatter Radiation
Pair production
Photo disintegration
Scattering include
Coherent scattering and
Compton scattering
Coherent Scattering
Definition
Those interaction in which radiation undergoes a
change in direction without a change in wavelength.
It is also called unmodified ,classical scattering
Process
Low energy radiation encounters the electrons of an
atom and sets them into vibration at the frequency
of the radiations. A vibrating electron emits
radiations
Coherent Scattering
cont.
Summary
Involves photon and free electron interaction
In each collision some energy is absorbed and rest
deflected depending upon angle of collision
KE of incident photon =KE of recoil electron+KE of deflected
photon
Two factors determine amount of
energy retained by deflected
photon
1.Initial energy and
2.angle of deflection
Sources of Scatter Radiation
Size of field
Shape of field
KV used
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Methods of Prevention
Aperture Diaphragms
Collimators
CONES
Tapered metal structure which can be fitted to x-ray
tube at the beam exit port.
Made up of Brass or Steel,open at both ends.
Cones come in variety of sizes and shape.
Field Size from a particular cone depends on
Anode film Distance(A)
Length of cone (L)
Distance b/w narrow end of cone and focal spot (f)
Diameter of cone(D)
Field size =(A/L+f)D
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Precautions
Person should be well aware of the field
size irradiated by a particular cone.
Proper calculations should be made to
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Collimators
These are two pairs of movable leaves of metal
usually made up of lead situated in x-ray beam.
These pairs move at right angle to each other
to clear penumbra
Each pair is operated independent of other by
means of a control knob.
X-ray field can be seen with help of light bulb in
the unit.
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Advantages
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Ideal Grid
It is the one which absorbs all the scatter
radiation and allows the primary radiation to
pass through, but no grid is ideal.
Uses
Abdomen
Skull
Spine
Pelvis
Penetrating chest view
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Parameters of Grid
Grid ratio
Grid lattice
Lead contents
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Grid Ratio
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Grid ratio = h/D =2/.25
=8:1
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Significance
Metal -:AI
Organic material-: Plastic and wood
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Lead content
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Types of grids
Linear grid
Crossed grid
Parallel grid
Focused grid
Pseudo focussed grid
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Linear grid
Advantages:
Simple in structure
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Disadvantages
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Malposition of Grid
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Evaluation of grid performance
Bucky factor(B)
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Primary Transmission
more exposure to pt
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Factors affecting BF
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Contrast improvement factor (k)
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Grid Movement
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Types of Grid Movements
Single stroke
Reciprocating
Oscillating
Catapult
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Single Stroke
Pitfalls:
Difficult to use as they require cocking
before each exposure.
Seldom used in modern equipment.
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Reciprocating
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Catapult grid Movement cont.
It is motor driven
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Disadvantages of moving grids
Costly
Subject to failure
May vibrate the x-ray table
Put a minimum limit on exposure time
Increase patient dose 15% in compare
to stationary grid.
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Mammography Grid
material.
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Advancement
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Structure:
Cellular grid is a honey comb shaped grid.
It has a sq. pore with copper septa and air
inter space.
It has a rigid kind of that is self supporting
so no need of inter space material.
So no primary radiation absorption takes
place by inter space.
The HTC grid has copper as grid strip
material
Physical dimension results in a 3.8:1 grid
ratio
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Grid cut off
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Lateral Decentering
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Lateral Decentering cont.
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Combined Lateral Focus grid Distance
Decentering
This is the most commonly recognized
type of grid cut off. It causes an uneven
exposure, lighter on one side and
darker on other side. These are of two
kind depending on the target above or
below .
The amount of cutoff is directly
proportional to focal distance of grid.
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Off level error
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Grids should be selected so that good
quality radiograph obtain keeping pt
dose low eg.
In mammography Breast dose with and
without grid
Generally for 50%grandular and 50%
adipose tissue with average thickness
of breast of 4.2 cm
Without grid dose is
1 to 1.5mGy(100 to 150mrad)per film
With grid
3mGy (300mrad) per film
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Cont.
Lead sheet
To avoid the back scatter reaching to film pb
sheet are also fitted at the back of the cassettes.
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Conclusion
Almost all the scattered radiation in
diagnostic radiation comes from the
compton process.
There is no method to stop the
production of scattered radiation but we
can reduce the formation of scatter and
also we can prevent them to reach the
film.
Secondary radiation grid is considered
effective way to control it.
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Conclusion contd.