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    1. The document discusses sampling techniques and statistics. It defines population parameters and different sampling methods such as random sampling (simple, systematic, stratified, cluster) and non-random sampling (convenience, purposive/judgment, quota, snowball, voluntary). 2. An example is provided to calculate the population mean, variance, and standard deviation for employee data. All possible samples of size 2 are identified and the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the sampling distribution are determined. 3. The sampling distribution of means has a smaller standard deviation than the population. While the population varies from 1 to 6 years, the sample means only vary between 1.50 to 5.50. This shows that sample

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    1. The document discusses sampling techniques and statistics. It defines population parameters and different sampling methods such as random sampling (simple, systematic, stratified, cluster) and non-random sampling (convenience, purposive/judgment, quota, snowball, voluntary). 2. An example is provided to calculate the population mean, variance, and standard deviation for employee data. All possible samples of size 2 are identified and the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the sampling distribution are determined. 3. The sampling distribution of means has a smaller standard deviation than the population. While the population varies from 1 to 6 years, the sample means only vary between 1.50 to 5.50. This shows that sample

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    19 views21 pages

    STAT3

    Uploaded by

    Gate Keeper of Grunge
    1. The document discusses sampling techniques and statistics. It defines population parameters and different sampling methods such as random sampling (simple, systematic, stratified, cluster) and non-random sampling (convenience, purposive/judgment, quota, snowball, voluntary). 2. An example is provided to calculate the population mean, variance, and standard deviation for employee data. All possible samples of size 2 are identified and the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the sampling distribution are determined. 3. The sampling distribution of means has a smaller standard deviation than the population. While the population varies from 1 to 6 years, the sample means only vary between 1.50 to 5.50. This shows that sample

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    of 21

    STATISTICS

    AND
    PROBABILITY
    PARAMETER STATISTICS
    SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
    • SAMPLING – process of selecting sample
    • RANDOM SAMPLING – process whose members
    had an equal chance of being selected from the
    population
    • NON – RANDOM SAMPLING – a sampling
    procedure where samples are selected in a
    deliberate manner with little or no attention to
    randomization
    RANDOM SAMPLING
    1. SIMPLE – process of selecting n sample size in the
    population via random numbers or through lottery
    2. SYSTEMATIC – process of selecting kth element in the
    population until the desired number of subjects is attained
    3. STRATIFIED – process of subdividing the population
    into subgroups or strata and drawing members at random
    from each subgroup
    4. CLUSTER – process of selecting clusters from a
    population which is very large
    NON – RANDOM SAMPLING
    1. CONVENIENCE – process of selecting a group of individuals who are
    available for study
    2. PURPOSIVE / JUDGMENT – process of selecting based from judgment
    to select a sample which the researcher believed, based on prior
    information, will provide the data they need.
    3. QUOTA – applied when an investigator survey collects information from
    an assigned number
    4. SNOWBALL – technique in which one or more members of a population
    are located and used to lead the researchers to other members of the
    population
    5. VOLUNTARY – technique when sample are composed of respondents
    who are self – select into the study/survey
    SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE
    MEANS
    • SAMPLING WITH REPLACEMENT
    • SAMPLING WITHOUT REPLACEMENT
    • FINITE POPULATION
    • INFINITE POPULATION
    • COMBINATION
    CHARACTERISTICS OF SAMPLING
    DISTRIBUTION
    • 
    1. STANDARD ERROR

    3. If the population is normally distributed the sampling


    distribution of sample mean will be normally distributed.
    • 
    FORMULAS
    • 
    EXAMPLE 1.
    Suppose that a population consists of the six (6) employees in
    a small business. The random variable of interest x, is the
    number of years the employee has been with the business.
    EMPLOYEES YEARS IN THE BUSINESS (x)

    Liza 1
    Kathryn 2
    Julia 3
    Sofia 4
    Riana 5
    Janina 6
    A.What is the population mean, population
    variance, and population standard deviation
    of the given data?
    B.What is the sampling distribution of the
    sample means for a sample of size 2?
    C.What is the mean, variance, and standard
    deviation of the sampling distribution?
    D.What observation can be made with respect
    to the population and the sampling
    distribution?
    EMPLOYEES YEARS IN THE BUSINESS (x)
    Liza 1
    Kathryn 2
    Julia 3
    Sofia 4
    Riana 5
    Janina 6
    • 
    YEARS IN THE
    EMPLOYEES
    BUSINESS (x)
     
    𝑥−𝜇  
    ( 𝑥 − 𝜇  )2
    Liza 1   − 2.5   6 .25

    Kathryn 2   − 1.5   2.25


    Julia 3   − 0.5   0 .25
    Sofia 4   0 .5   0 .25
    Riana 5   1 .5   2.25
    Janina 6   2.5   6 .25
    TOTAL 21   17.50

      2 𝞢 ( 𝑥 − 𝜇)2   2 17.50
    𝜎 = 𝜎 = =𝟐 .𝟗𝟐
    𝑁 6
      2
    𝞢(𝑥 − 𝜇)
    𝜎=
    √
    𝑁
    𝜎 =√ 2.92=𝟏. 𝟕𝟏
     
    STEP 1. Find the number of possible samples.
    • 
    STEP 2.List all possible samples.
    OBSERVATION EMPLOYEES YEARS
    1 Liza , Kathryn 1,2
    2
    Liza , Julia 1,3
    3
    Liza , Sofia 1,4
    4
    5 Liza , Riana 1,5
    6 Liza , Janina 1,6
    7 Kathryn , Julia 2,3
    8 Kathryn , Sofia 2,4
    9 Kathryn , Riana 2,5
    10 Kathryn , Janina 2,6
    11
    Julia , Sofia 3,4
    12
    13 Julia , Riana 3,5
    14 Julia , Janina 3,6
    15 Sofia , Riana 4,5
    Sofia , Janina 4,6
    Riana , Janina 5,6
    YEARS IN THE
    EMPLOYEES
    BUSINESS (x)
    Liza 1
    Kathryn 2
    Julia 3
    Sofia 4
    Riana 5
    Janina 6
    STEP 3. OBSERVATION EMPLOYEES YEARS
    1 1,2 1.5
    1 Liza , Kathryn 1.5
    2
    2 2
    2
    Liza , Julia 1,3
    3 2.5
    3 Liza , Sofia 1,4 2.5
    4 3
    4 1,5 3
    5 Liza , Riana 3.5
    5 1,6 3.5
    6 Liza , Janina 2.5
    6
    7 Kathryn , Julia 2,3 2.5
    3
    7
    8 Kathryn , Sofia 2,4 3
    3.5
    9
    8 2,5 4
    3.5
    Kathryn , Riana
    10
    9 2,6 3.5
    4
    Kathryn , Janina
    11 4
    10
    10 Julia , Sofia 3,4 3.5
    3.5
    12 4.5
    11
    11 Julia , Riana 3,5 4
    4
    13 4.5
    12 Julia , Janina 3,6 4.5
    14 5
    13
    13
    15 Sofia , Riana 4,5 4.5
    4.5
    5.5
    14
    14 4,6
    TOTAL 5
    52.5
    5
    Sofia , Janina
    15
    15 Riana , Janina 5,6 5.5
    5.5
    TOTAL
    TOTAL 52.5
    52.5
    • 

     
    2
    𝞢(´𝑥 −𝜇 ´𝑥 ) 17.50
    √ √
    𝜎 ´𝑥 =
    NCn
    =
    15
    =√ 1.17=𝟏.𝟎𝟖
      𝜇= 𝜇 ´
    𝑥

    The sample means vary from 1.50 –


    5.50, whereas the population varies
    from 1 – 6.

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