Health Safety & Environment: Waqas Ahmed
Health Safety & Environment: Waqas Ahmed
Environment
WAQAS AHMED
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SCHEME OF PRESENTATION
» Lecture 1 review
» Causes of Accidents
» Costs of Accidents
» Major Threats
» Fire Incidence
» Fire Prevention & Control
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LECTURE 1
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Definition:
» Occupational health and safety is the discipline
concerned with preserving and protecting human
resources in the workplace.
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INDUSTRIAL
ACCIDENTS
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Industrial Accidents
» The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
has a concise definition for a workplace accident.
⋄ It's an ''unplanned event that results in personal injury
or property damage.''
» Herbert William Henrich, a founding father of sorts for the
workplace safety movement, defined workplace accidents
⋄ ''unplanned and uncontrolled events'' resulting in
personal injury.
» Whatever variation of the definition you prefer, workplace
accidents can be painful and costly for both employers and
employees.
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Industrial Accidents
» Some employees are more accident – prone as
compared to others. Harell points out that “accident-
proneness is the continuing tendency of a person to
have accidents as a result of his stable and
persisting characteristics”.
» In the words of Sikula, accident-proneness is a
condition in which a “human being is mentally
inclined, strongly disposed, attitudinally addicted or
personally destined to become continually involved
in an on-going and never-ending series of accidents
or injuries”.
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Industrial Accidents
» It is important to detect such accident-prone
individuals and give them safety training and
education and place them on safe jobs, where the
chances of exposure to committing accidents are
less.
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LECTURE 2
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LECTURE 2 INCLUDES
» Causes of Accidents
» Costs of Accidents
» Major Hazards
» Fire Incidence
» Fire Prevention & Control
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Causes of Accidents
The Domino Theory
» developed the “five domino model” of accident causation, which is a
sequential accident model.
» Heinrich's Domino Theory states that accidents result from a chain of
sequential events, metaphorically like a line of dominoes falling over.
When one of the dominoes falls, it triggers the next one, and the next... -
but removing a key factor (such as an unsafe condition or an unsafe act)
prevents the start of the chain reaction.
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The Dominoes
» Heinrich suggests five metaphorical dominoes labelled with accident
causes. They are
⋄ Social Environment and Ancestry,
⋄ Fault of Person,
⋄ Unsafe Act or Mechanical/Physical Hazard (unsafe condition),
⋄ Accident, and
⋄ Injury.
» Heinrich defines each of these "dominoes" explicitly, and gives advice
on minimizing or eliminating their presence in the sequence.
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The Dominoes
» Heinrich subdivides the causes into
⋄ Direct causes (unsafe acts and unsafe conditions)
⋄ Underlying/root causes (Social Environment and Ancestry, Fault of Person)
The Dominoes
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The Dominoes
Social Environment and Ancestry:
» This first domino in the sequence deals with worker personality.
Heinrich explains that undesirable personality traits, such as
stubbornness, greed, and recklessness can be "passed along
through inheritance" or develop from a person's social environment,
and that both inheritance and environment (what we usually refer to
now as "nature" and "nurture") contribute to Faults of Person.
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The Dominoes
Fault of Person:
» The second domino also deals with worker personality traits.
Heinrich explains that inborn or obtained character flaws such
as bad temper, inconsiderateness, ignorance, and recklessness
contribute to accident causation. According to Heinrich, natural
or environmental flaws in the worker's family or life cause these
secondary personal defects, which are themselves contributors
to Unsafe Acts, or/and the existence of Unsafe Conditions.
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The Dominoes
Unsafe Act and/or Unsafe Condition:
» The third domino deals with Heinrich's direct cause of incidents. As
mentioned above, Heinrich defines these factors as things like "starting
machinery without warning ... and absence of rail guards. " Heinrich felt
that unsafe acts and unsafe conditions were the central factor in
preventing incidents, and the easiest causation factor to remedy, a
process which he likened to lifting one of the dominoes out of the line.
These combining factors (1, 2, and 3) cause accidents.
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The Dominoes
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Unsafe Acts
» These acts may be the result of lack of knowledge or skill on the part of
the employee, certain physical defects and wrong attitudes.
Unsafe Acts
» Making safety devices » Throwing materials on the floor
inoperative by removing, carelessly.
adjusting, disconnecting them. » Operating or working at unsafe
» Operating without authority. levels of speed, either too fast or
» Failing to secure equipment or too slow.
warning other employees of » Making safety devices
possible danger. inoperative by removing,
» Failing to use safe attire or adjusting, disconnecting them.
personal protective equipment.
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The Dominoes
» Heinrich defines four reasons why people commit unsafe acts
⋄ improper attitude,
⋄ lack of knowledge or skill,
⋄ physical unsuitability,
⋄ improper mechanical or physical environment.
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Unsafe Conditions
» These, of one sort or another, are the biggest cause of accidents.
Such causes are associated with defective plants, equipment,
tools, materials, buildings etc. These can also be termed
mechanical causes.
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Unsafe Conditions
» Improperly guarded » Wrong and faulty lay-out, and
equipment. bad location.
» Defective equipment. » Improper illumination — glare,
insufficient light.
» Hazardous arrangement or
procedure in and or around, » Improper ventilation —
machines or equipment. insufficient air charge, impure
air source.
» Unsafe storage; congestion,
overloading. » Poor house-keeping.
» Inadequate safety devices.
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The Dominoes
Accident:
» Heinrich says, "The occurrence of a preventable injury is the natural
result of a series of events or circumstances which invariably occur in a
fixed and logical order." He defines accidents as, "events such as falls
of persons, striking of persons by flying objects are typical accidents
that cause injury."
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The Dominoes
Injury:
» Injury results from accidents, and some types of injuries Heinrich
specifies in his "Explanation of Factors" are cuts and broken bones.
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Costs of Accidents
» The occurrence of any accident will cause both
⋄ direct
⋄ indirect costs.
» It is important that all of these costs are taken into account when the
full cost of an accident is calculated. Different studies shown that
indirect costs or hidden costs could be more than 30 times greater than
direct costs of an accident
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Costs of Accidents
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Costs of Accidents
Direct costs:
» Direct, or insured costs for accidents are usually considered those
costs covered by workers compensation insurance and other minor
medical costs for the accident. The company pays insurance to cover
these costs.
» Direct costs include workers' compensation payments, medical
expenses, legal services, and other expenses that arise directly as a
result of a workplace accident.
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Costs of Accidents
Indirect costs:
» Indirect costs are additional or hidden costs associated with an
accident. These are not covered by insurance, are typically unexpected,
and rarely budgeted. Because of this, they can have devastating and
lasting impacts on companies that bear the brunt of them.
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Costs of Accidents
Indirect costs: » Property damage. Time and cost for
repair or replacement of damaged
» Lost production time.
equipment, materials or other
» Productive time lost by an injured
property.
employee.
» Cost of continuing all or part of the
» Productive time lost by employees
employee's wages, plus
and supervisors helping the accident
compensation.
victim.
» Reduced morale among your
» Cleanup and startup of operations
employees, and perhaps lower
interrupted by an accident.
efficiency.
» Time to hire or train a worker to
» Cost of completing paperwork
replace the injured worker until they
generated by the accident.
return to work.
» OSHA penalties.
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Costs of Accidents
Unknown cost:
» these are the costs that are difficult or impossible to measure that may
have a "fatal" impact on the success of the company.
» For example
⋄ Employee morale
⋄ Company reputation
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Electrical Hazard
» Electrical hazards pose a serious threat to worker safety.
Many workers are unaware of the potential electrical hazards
present in their work environment which makes them more
vulnerable to the danger of electrocution and arc flash
incidents. Unsafe equipment, unsafe acts, and working with
live electrical circuits can lead to electrical accidents and
injuries.
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Electrical Hazard
» Injuries linked with Electrical Hazards falls under following categories
⋄ Direct:
⋄ Electrocution or death due to electrical shock
⋄ Electrical shock
⋄ Burns
⋄ Indirect:
⋄ Falls
⋄ Fire
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Electrical Hazard
» Common Electrical Hazards Include:
⋄ Improper Grounding
⋄ Exposed Electrical Parts
⋄ Inadequate Wiring
⋄ Damaged Insulation
⋄ Overloaded Circuits
⋄ Damaged Tools & Equipment
⋄ Wet/damp Conditions
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Toxic/Chemical Hazard
» Sudden releases of toxic vapors have the potential
to cause death and severe injuries several miles
from the release point. They are carried by water
and air. Their release into public sewage systems,
rivers, canals and other water courses, either
directly or through contaminated water can result in
serious threat to public.
» The number of casualties depends on the weather
conditions, population density in the path of the
cloud and the effectiveness of the emergency
arrangements.
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Explosion
» An explosion is the process involving the production of a pressure
discontinuity or blast wave resulting from a rapid release of energy. A
pressure disturbance is generated in to the surrounding medium. Air
becomes heated due to its compressibility and this leads to an increase
in the velocity of sound, causing the front of disturbance to steepen as
it travels through the air.
» The loading and hence the damage to the nearby targets are governed by
the magnitude of and duration of pressure wave. Projectiles may be
generated by an explosion and are capable of causing severe damage
to adjacent plant structures and people.
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Explosion
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Mechanical Hazards
» Mechanical hazards are those associated with power-driven machines,
whether automated or manually operated.
⋄ Concerns about such hazards date back to the Industrial Revolution and the
earliest days of mechanization.
Mechanical Hazards
» Dangerous moving parts in three basic areas require safeguarding:
⋄ The point of operation: that point where work is performed on the material,
such as cutting, shaping, boring, or forming of stock.
⋄ Power transmission apparatus: all components of the mechanical system
which transmit energy to the part of the machine performing the work.
These components include flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting rods,
couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks, and gears.
⋄ Other moving parts: all parts of the machine which move while the machine
is working. These can include reciprocating, rotating, and transverse
moving parts, as well as feed mechanisms and auxiliary parts of the
machine..
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Mechanical Hazards
Mechanical Hazards
» In industrial settings, people interact with
machines designed to drill, cut, shear,
punch, chip, staple, stitch, abrade, shape,
stamp, and slit.
» If workers fail to follow safety
precautions, these procedures can
happen to humans, instead of
workpieces.
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Fire Hazards
» Any actions, materials, or conditions that might increase the size or
severity of a fire or that might cause a fire to start are called fire
hazards.
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Fire Hazards
» There must be a thorough balance
amongst three elements: fuels, oxidizer
and ignition source, like the three sides
of a triangle, for a fire or explosion to
onset.
» The absence or withdrawal of any of
them would not allow the fire or
explosion to set or continue.
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Classification of Fires
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