The document discusses electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. It describes how the electron transport chain transfers electrons from donors like NADH to oxygen via a series of complexes, pumping protons across the membrane. This generates an electrochemical gradient that is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The process regenerates electron carriers and builds a proton gradient to store energy, which is then used to drive ATP synthesis.
The document discusses electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. It describes how the electron transport chain transfers electrons from donors like NADH to oxygen via a series of complexes, pumping protons across the membrane. This generates an electrochemical gradient that is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The process regenerates electron carriers and builds a proton gradient to store energy, which is then used to drive ATP synthesis.
The document discusses electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. It describes how the electron transport chain transfers electrons from donors like NADH to oxygen via a series of complexes, pumping protons across the membrane. This generates an electrochemical gradient that is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The process regenerates electron carriers and builds a proton gradient to store energy, which is then used to drive ATP synthesis.
AND MA. CRISTINA PARAGGUA ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • Is the series of protein complexes that transfers electron from electron donor to electron acceptor via redox reaction and couples this electron transfer with transfer of protons across a membrane. • It is built up of peptides, enzymes and other molecules. • This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP. • The final acceptor of electrons in the ETC during aerobic respiration is the oxygen, although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produces ATP from products of citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation • At the mitochondrial inner membrane, from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen , which is reduced to water. The ETC comprises an enzymatic series of electron donor and acceptors. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN It consist of four complexes: • Complex I (NADH to CoQ) - Catalyzes transfer of e- s from NADH to CoQ. • Complex II (Succinate-Q reductase - Transfers e- s from succinate to CoQ. • Complex III (Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase) - Transfers e- s from ubiquinol (reduced form of CoQ) to cytochrome C. • Complex IV (cytochrome C oxidase) - Transfers e- s from Cytochrome C to O2 SUPRAMOLECULAR COMPONENTS OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ENZYME COMPLEX PROSTHETIC The four complexes consist of several different GROUPS electron carriers mainly: • Flavoproteins – prosthetic group FMN or FAD COMPLEX I (NADH FMN, FeS DEHYDROGENASE) • Heme containing proteins; cytochromes subclassified into cytochrome b,c1,c,a and a3. COMPLEX II (SUCCINATE FAD, FeS DEHYDROGENASE) a and a3 can directly react with molecular oxygen and are associated with copper in COMPLEX III ( CYTOCHROME BC1 Hemes, FeS COMPLEX) complex IV. • Non heme iron proteins, iron sulfur proteins CYTOCHROME C Heme contained bound inorganic Fe and S • Copper COMPLEX IV ( CYTOCHROME Hemes, Fe, Cu OXIDASE) ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Two mobile electron carriers in electron transport chain includes: • Ubiquinone (CoQ) - Is lipid soluble that can accept electrons from FMNH2/FADH2 and transfers them to cytochrome. • Cytochrome C - Is a water soluble mobile electron carrier of the outer face of inner membrane. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN CHEMIOSMOSIS • Is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane down to their electrochemical gradient. • It is the process where ATP for energy is synthesized by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. • ATP synthase (complex V), an enzyme complex, is like a water wheel in the inner membrane of mitochondria which creates ATP by forcing ADP and phosphate together through chemiosmosis CHEMIOSMOSIS • The ATP synthase (Complex V) consist of two well defined protein entities: • F1 sector – a soluble portion situated in the mitochondrial matrix • F0 sector- bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane. CHEMIOSMOSIS • According to the chemiosmotic coupling theory, it links the oxidative phosphorylation to ETC and ATP synthesis. • In this theory, as electron pass through the ETC, protons are pumped into the intermembrane space, generating motive force. Protons move back across the membrane through ATP Synthase driving CHEMIOSMOSIS • The function of ATP Synthase is to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the F1 sector. This is made possible due to energy derived from a gradient of protons which cross the inner mitochondrial membrane space into the matrix through the F0 sector of the enzyme complex. • The released of energy causes the rotation of the two rotary motors: the ring of C subunits in F0 along the subunits y, 8, and e in F1. In the case of ATP synthesis, each site switches cooperatively through conformation in which ADP and Pi bind to form ATP and will be released to be used as energy. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION • The process where electron transport from the energy precursors from the citric acid cycle leads to the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP and it occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. • It is completed by the coupling of electron transport chain and ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Two parts of Oxidative phosphorylation includes: • Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 • Phosphorylation OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 1. Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 STEP 1: • NADH and FADH2, shuttles high energy molecules to electron transport chain. • These shuttling high energy molecules causes loss of electron called the Oxidation. The opposite of oxidation is Reduction where a molecule gains electron. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION STEP 2: • The process of NADH Oxidation leads to pumping of protons via protein complex 1 from the matrix to the intermembrane space. • The electrons that are received by protein complex 1 are given to the electron carrier Ubiquinone (Q) OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION STEP 3: OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION STEP 4: OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION STEP 5: OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Overall, what does the electron transport chain do for the cell? It has two important functions: •Regenerates electron carriers. NADH and FADH_22start subscript, 2, end subscript pass their electrons to the electron transport chain, turning back into NAD^++start superscript, plus, end superscript and FAD. This is important because the oxidized forms of these electron carriers are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle and must be available to keep these processes running. •Makes a proton gradient. The transport chain builds a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, with a higher concentration of H^++start superscript, plus, end superscript in the intermembrane space and a lower concentration in the matrix. This gradient represents a stored form of energy, and, as we’ll see, it can be used to make ATP. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 2. Phosphorylation(ATP production) Step 6: • As a result of the oxidation of NADH and FADH2,an electrochemical gradient is created. The outside of the mitochondrial membrane is positive because of the accumulation of the protons(H+), and the inside is negative due to the loss of the protons. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 2. Phosphorylation(ATP production) Step 7: • When there is a high concentration of protons on the outside of the mitochondrial membrane, protons are pushed through ATP synthase. This movement of protons causes ATP synthase to spin, and bind ADP and Pi, producing ATP. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION What would happen to the energy stored in the proton gradient if it weren't used to synthesize ATP or do other cellular work? It would be released as heat, and interestingly enough, some types of cells deliberately use the proton gradient for heat generation rather than ATP synthesis. This might seem wasteful, but it's an important strategy for animals that need to keep warm. For instance, hibernating mammals (such as bears) have specialized cells known as brown fat cells. In the brown fat cells, uncoupling proteins are produced and inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane. These proteins are simply channels that allow protons to pass from the intermembrane space to the matrix without traveling through ATP synthase. By providing an alternate route for protons to flow back into the matrix, the uncoupling proteins allow the energy of the gradient to be dissipated as heat.. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATION PF OP INHIBITORS OF OP ATP YIELD ADVANTAGES OF UNCOUPLING/COUPLING