Essai Mozhi - CMT

PONDICHERRY
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
COMPOSITE MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
Reg No : 21ME319
FROM
K.ESSAIMOZHI (PDM) M.Tech.,
SYNOPSIS
 Types- Fibers , Whiskers and Particles

 Reinforcement Materials
 Selection
 Advantages
 Limitations
TYPES OF FIBRES
 Glass Fiber
 Carbon Fiber
 Kevlar Fiber
 Boron Fiber
 Natural Fiber
 Hybrid Fibers .
GLASS FIBERS
 Glass fibres are used as reinforcement of polymers in various fields
such as
Aerospace,
Automobile,
Marine, Sporting and Leisure goods,
Construction and civil engineering.
 One of the principal advantages of using glass fibres for
reinforcement of polymers is their high performance per cost ratio.
TYPES AND FORMS OF FIBERGLASS
 Depending on the raw materials used and their proportions to make fiberglass,
fiberglass can be classified into following major types:
 A-glass: A glass is also called as alkali glass and is resistant to chemicals. Due to
the composition of A glass Fiber, it is close to window glass. In some parts of the
world, it is used to make process equipment.
 C-glass: C-glass offers very good resistance to chemical impact and is also called
as chemical glass.
 E-glass: It is also called as electrical glass and is a very good insulator of electricity.
 AE-glass: This is alkali resistant glass.
 S glass: It is also called as structural glass and is known for its mechanical
properties.
PROPERTIES OF FIBERGLASS
 Mechanical strength: Fiberglass has a specific resistance greater than steel. So, it is used to make high-
performance
 Electrical characteristics: Fiberglass is a good electrical insulator even at low thickness.
 Incombustibility: Since fiberglass is a mineral material, it is naturally incombustible. It does not
propagate or support a flame. It does not emit smoke or toxic products when exposed to heat.
 Dimensional stability: Fiberglass is not sensitive to variations in temperature and hygrometry. It has a
low coefficient of linear expansion.
 Compatibility with organic matrices: Fiberglass can have varying sizes and has the ability to combine
with many synthetic resins and certain mineral matrices like cement.
 Non-rotting: Fiberglass does not rot and remains unaffected by the action of rodents and insects.
 Thermal conductivity: Fiberglass has low thermal conductivity making it highly useful in the building
industry.
 Dielectric permeability: This property of fiberglass makes it suitable for electromagnetic windows.
APPLICATIONS
Beverage industry
Car washes
Chemical industry
Cooling towers
Docks and marines
Metals and mining
Aerospace & Defense
CARBON FIBERS
• Carbon Fiber is composed of carbon atoms bonded together to form a long
chain.
• The Fibers are extremely stiff, strong, and light, and are used in many
processes to create excellent building materials.
• Carbon Fiber material comes in a variety of "raw" building-blocks, including
yarns, Uni-directional, weaves, braids, and several others, which are in turn
used to create composite parts.
• The properties of a carbon Fiber part are close to that of steel and the weight
is close to that of plastic.
• Thus the strength to weight ratio (as well as stiffness to weight ratio) of a
carbon Fiber part is much higher than either steel or plastic
Based on carbon Fiber properties, carbon Fibers can be grouped into:
 Ultra-high-modulus, type UHM (modulus >450Gpa)

 High-modulus, type HM (modulus between 350-450Gpa)
 Intermediate-modulus, type IM (modulus between 200-350Gpa)
 Low modulus and high-tensile, type HT (modulus < 100Gpa, tensile
strength > 3.0Gpa)
 Super high-tensile, type SHT (tensile strength > 4.5Gpa)
APPLICATIONS
1. Physical strength, specific toughness, light weight Aerospace, road and marine transport, sporting goods
2. High dimensional stability, low coefficient of thermal Missiles, aircraft brakes, aerospace antenna and support
expansion, and low abrasion structure, large telescopes, optical benches, waveguides
for stable high-frequency (GHz) precision measurement
frames
3. Good vibration damping, strength, and toughness Audio equipment, loudspeakers for Hi-fi equipment,
pickup arms, robot arms
4. Electrical conductivity Automobile hoods, novel tooling, casings and bases for
electronic equipments, EMI and RF shielding, brushes
5. Biological inertness and x-ray permeability Medical applications in prostheses, surgery and x-ray
equipment, implants, tendon/ligament repair
6. Fatigue resistance, self-lubrication, high damping Textile machinery, genera engineering
7. Chemical inertness, high corrosion resistance Chemical industry; nuclear field; valves, seals, and pump
components in process plants
8. Electromagnetic properties Large generator retaining rings, radiological equipment
KEVLAR FIBER
• Kevlar is a manufactured plastic, and it's made of a chemical
compound called poly-para-phenylene Terephthalamide.
• This chemical is made from creating a chemical reaction between an
acid and a chemical solution containing nitrogen and hydrogen.
• Kevlar offers a better abrasive strength than carbon Fiber, which is
why it commonly associated with bulletproof vests.
• Kevlar is also better in extreme temperatures than carbon Fiber,
which some indicate make it better suited in the marine industry.
• Kevlar is made by a condensation reaction of an amine (1,4-
phenylene-diamine) and acid chloride (Terephthaloyl chloride). ...
When Kevlar is spun the chains lock together via H-bonds to form a
sheet that has a very high tensile strength.
Kevlar properties
 Kevlar has a unique combination of :

 High strength,
 High modulus,
 Toughness and Thermal stability.
 It was developed for demanding industrial and advanced-technology
applications.
Boron Fibers
• Boron Fibers are very stiff and have a high tensile and compressive
strength.
• The Fibers have a relatively large diameter and do not flex well;
therefore, they are available only as a prepreg tape product.
• An epoxy matrix is often used with the boron Fiber.
• Boron Fibers are used to repair cracked Aluminum aircraft skins,
because the thermal expansion of boron is close to Aluminum and
there is no galvanic corrosion potential.
BORON FIBERS PROPERTIES
Property Units 5.6-mil Boron (Typical)

PPM/°F 2.5
Tensile Strength MPa 4,000
ksi 580
Tensile Modulus GPa 400
USES
• Boron Fiber use results in high-strength,
• Lightweight materials that are used chiefly for advanced aerospace
structures as a component of composite materials,
• As well as limited production consumer and sporting goods such as
golf clubs and fishing rods.
WHISKERS
• A whisker is a thin strand of metal that grows out of the original shape
of the metal.
• A whisker can form only on some metals and metal alloys. It is thought
that whiskers are created by residual stresses in the metal.
• However, the exact mechanism that causes whisker formation is not
well understood.
• Whiskers are similar in diameter to Fibers, but in general, they are
short and have low length-to- diameter ratios, barely exceeding a few
hundreds.
• Whiskers are produced by crystallizing materials on a very small scale.
A-Fibers
B- Whiskers
C- Particles
CHARACTERISTICS
• Whiskers are coarser and thicker than regular hair and have roots
that are three times deeper.
• Unlike regular hairs, whiskers don't cover the entire body. They are
strategically located above the eyes, on the chin, on the forelegs, near
the ears, and above the upper lip.
REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS
Various types of reinforcement in composites:

a) particles, b) short Fibers, c) continuous Fibers, d) plates Reinforcement
determines the four major types of composite materials and they are as follows: a)
particles (also known as discontinuous reinforcement), b) short Fiber or whiskers,
c) continuous Fibers, d) plates
SELECTION
• The reinforcement can be divided into four basic categories:
• Fibers,
• Particulates,
• Fillers
• Flakes.
• Flakes are in flat platelet form and have a primarily two-dimensional
geometry with strength and stiffness in two directions. They can form
an effective composite material when suspended in a glass or plastic.
WAYS TO SELECT A REINFORCEMENT
MATERIAL
ADVANTAGES OF FIBERS
• Normalizes bowel movements. Dietary fiber increases the weight and
size of your stool and softens it.
• Helps maintain bowel health.
• Lowers cholesterol levels.
• Helps control blood sugar levels.
• Aids in achieving healthy weight.
• Helps you live longer.
ADVANTAGES OF WHISKERS
• Whisker reinforcement is random orientation of short Fibers.
• Fibers are long filaments which can be oriented They are easier to
process in the composite (as a matrix material).
• Offer less wear and tear on processing equipment.
LIMITATIONS OF FIBERS
LIMITATIONS OF WHISKERS
• Engineering materials in whisker form can possess strength and
modulus as high as 25000 MPa and 1000 GPa (based on the mateiral
type) far exceeding those in their bulk form.
• Whiskers also pose difficulty in packing compared to particulates;
hence, it is not possible to achieve high reinforcement-to-matrix ratios
LIMITATIONS OF REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS
• Structures are heavier than structures of other materials like steel,

wood and glass etc.
• It needs lot of form-work, Centering and shuttering to be fixed, thus
require lot of site space and skilled labour.
• Concrete takes time to attain its full strength.
THANKYOU

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PONDICHERRY

 Types- Fibers , Whiskers and Particles

 Ultra-high-modulus, type UHM (modulus >450Gpa)

 Kevlar has a unique combination of :

Property Units 5.6-mil Boron (Typical)

Various types of reinforcement in composites:

• Structures are heavier than structures of other materials like steel,

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