Gravitation and Central Forces

Gravitation and Central Forces
In 1687, Newton said that ....

• Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle
with a force whose magnitude is proportional to the product of
the masses of the two particles and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them. The direction of the
force lies along the straight line connecting the two particles.
Gravitational Force between a Uniform
Sphere and a Particle
• Let us see the
coordinate in
calculating the
gravitational force
a particle
the sphere
the mass element of
the sphere
• The mass element of the sphere is
• The gravitational force exerted on P by a small sub element Q
of the ring (which we regard as a particle) resolve into two
components:
one component along P0, of magnitude ΔFQ cos 0,
the other perpendicular to P0, of magnitude
From symmetry we can easily see that the vector sum of all of
the perpendicular components exerted on P by the whole ring
vanishes. The force ΔF exerted by the entire ring is, therefore
the total AFQ cos is :
• Check the triangle OPQ
• Differentiating under
the variation of θ and s
• Also for the other triangle
• From the equation, integrate from
And apply the total mass of the sphere

• The we’ll have
• Then we write vectorially
where er is the unit radial vector from the origin 0.

A uniform spherical shell of matter attracts an external particle as if
the whole mass of the shell were concentrated at its center. This is
true for every concentric spherical portion of a solid uniform
sphere. The same is true also for a non uniform sphere provided the
density depends only on the radial distance r. The gravitational
force on a particle located inside a uniform spherical shell is zero.
• The implementation of Gravitation Force is Kepler’s Law of
Planetary Motion. Here the laws:
Kepler's First Law: The Law of Ellipses
• To prove Kepler's first law, we develop a general differential

equation for the orbit of a particle in any central, isotropic
field of force. Then we solve the orbital equation for the
specific case of an inverse-square law of force.
The equation of motion in polar coordinates is :
Where f(r) is the central force (its direction is along the

radius vector) and isotropic force (a function only of the
scalar distance r to the force center) that acts on the particle
of mass m.
• Ada 2 komponen percepatan pada gerak sebuah partikel,
sehingga kita dapatkan 2 komponen persamaan diferensial
dari gerak partikel sbb;
Gunakan persamaan gerak orbit

Substitusikan nilai dari pada persamaan diferensial
dari gerak partikel
THIS
Contoh:
Sebuah partikel berada di dalam sebuah medan sentral pada
orbit spiral dengan persamaan posisinya dituliskan sebagai,
Tentukan bentuk gaya sentralnya.

Solusi:
Gunakan persamaan
diferensial dari gerak partikel :
maka,
Kepler's Second Law: Equal Areas
• Conservation of Angular Momentum
Kepler's second law stated that the angular momentum of a
planet about the Sun is a conserved quantity. Its conservation
is a general consequence of the central nature of the
gravitational force.
• The angular momentum of a particle located a vector distance
r from a given origin and moving with momentum p is defined
to be the quantity L = r x p. The time derivative of this
quantity is
because
then
Angular Momentum and Areal Velocity of a
Particle Moving in a Central Field
We first calculate the magnitude of the angular momentum of a
particle moving in a central field. We use polar coordinates to describe
the motion. The velocity of the particle is
where is er the unit radial vector and eθ is the unit transverse

vector. The magnitude of the angular momentum is
for any particle moving in a central field of force including a planet

moving in the gravitational field of the Sun.
Check !
Find the area:
Thus, the areal velocity, A, of a particle

moving in a central field is directly
proportional to its angular momentum
and, therefore, is also a constant of the
motion, exactly as Kepler is covered for
planets moving in the central
gravitational field of the Sun.
Contoh
Sebuah partikel berada di bawah pengaruh gaya sentral f(r),
dengan r adalah jarak antara partikel dengan pusat gaya.
Tentukan f(r), jika orbit lingkaran dari partikel memiliki laju
perubahan luas yang sama (kecepatan areal ).
Solusi:
Gunakan sistem koordinat polar (r,θ). Terdapat 2 komponen
kecepatan ;
Gaya sentral dalam hal ini hanya dipengaruhi oleh komponen

percepatan dalam arah radial,
Perhatikan bahwa , maka , sehingga
Hk. II Newton menjadi ;
Oleh karena kecepatan areal partikel sama, maka

momentum sudut partikel juga konstan . Dengan
mengalikan persamaan di atas sebesar r3, kita peroleh
Karena kecepatan areal , maka gaya sentral

adalah
Kepler's Third Law: The Harmonic Law
• The third law can be derived from Newton's laws of motion

and the inverse-square law of gravity.
Let’s do it !
The areal velocity :
Hitung periode
geraknya:
maka :
• Geometri dari ellips memberikan informasi bahwa,
the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional

to the cube of its "distance" from the Sun. The relevant
"distance" is the semimajor axis a of the elliptical orbit.
In the case of a circular orbit, this distance reduces to
the radius.
Tabel periode gerak beberapa planet yang mengorbit matahari
Potential Energy in a Gravitational Field:
Gravitational Potential
• The potential energy of a test particle of mass m at a given
point in the gravitational field of another particle of mass M
define as the work done in moving the test particle from
some arbitrary reference position r1 to the position r2.
• We take the reference position to be r1 = ∞. This assignment is usually
a convenient one, because the gravitational force between two
particles vanishes when they are separated by ∞. Thus, putting r1 = ∞
and r2 = r, then we have ;
• Introduce the gravitational potential as the

gravitational potential energy per unit mass m.
Consider the mass m is very small in the presence
of other surrounding masses M. We can think of
the potential as a scalar function of spatial
coordinates, Φ(x, y, z), or a field, set up by all the
other surrounding masses.
.........
maka energi potensial gravitasi dapat dihubungkan dengan

potensial gravitasi dalam bentuk formulasi berikut,
dimana
Jika terdapat banyak sumber medan M maka potensial

gravitasi berbentuk
Gradien dari potensial gravitasi (skalar) mendefinisikan

sebuah medan vektor g,
ingat bahwa
.......
g dikenal sebagai intensitas medan gravitasi (percepatan

gravitasi).
The gravitational field intensity can be calculated by first

finding the potential function.
Ellips orbit :
Potential Energy in a General Central Field
• A general isotropic central field can be expressed in the
following way:
*
(
• To apply the test for conservativeness, we calculate the
curl of F :
For our central force

• Thus, the curl vanishes, and so the general central field
defined by the Equation (* is conservative.
• Define a potential energy function
the lower limit r (rref)is defined to be zero. For inverse-

power type forces, is often taken to be at infinity. This
allows us to calculate the potential energy function, given
the force function. Conversely, if we know the potential
energy function, we have

Gravitation and Central Forces

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Gravitation and Central Forces

In 1687, Newton said that ....

• Also for the other triangle

• From the equation, integrate from

And apply the total mass of the sphere

• Then we write vectorially

where er is the unit radial vector from the origin 0.

• To prove Kepler's first law, we develop a general differential

The equation of motion in polar coordinates is :

Where f(r) is the central force (its direction is along the

Gunakan persamaan gerak orbit

Tentukan bentuk gaya sentralnya.

where is er the unit radial vector and eθ is the unit transverse

for any particle moving in a central field of force including a planet

Find the area:

Thus, the areal velocity, A, of a particle

Gaya sentral dalam hal ini hanya dipengaruhi oleh komponen

Oleh karena kecepatan areal partikel sama, maka

Karena kecepatan areal , maka gaya sentral

• The third law can be derived from Newton's laws of motion

The areal velocity :

the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional

• Introduce the gravitational potential as the

maka energi potensial gravitasi dapat dihubungkan dengan

Jika terdapat banyak sumber medan M maka potensial

Gradien dari potensial gravitasi (skalar) mendefinisikan

g dikenal sebagai intensitas medan gravitasi (percepatan

The gravitational field intensity can be calculated by first

For our central force

the lower limit r (rref)is defined to be zero. For inverse-

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