Chapter 1: Introduction to transport

engineering

Presentation Overview
Introduction
 Major disciplines of transportation
 mode of transport
Types of transportation systems
Factors affecting transportation
A transportation system is an infrastructure that serves to
move people and goods efficiently. The transportation
system consists of fixed facilities, flow entities, and a control
component.
• Efficient = safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical,
environmentally compatible.
• The transportation system in a developed nation is an
aggregation of vehicles, guide ways, terminal facilities and
control systems that move freight and passenger
• Transportation system in a nation consists of an
aggregation of vehicles,
guide ways,
terminals, and
 control systems that move freight and
passengers from one place to the other.

06/18/22
Consider the businessman’s trip depicted
 IMPORTANCE of TRANSPORTATION
• Tapping natural resources and markets
• Economic vitality of an area
• Maximum use of natural resource
• Permits the specialization of industry or commerce
• Reduces costs for raw materials or manufactured goods
• Increases competition between regions, resulting
low costs and greater choice for the consumer
• Control of territory

06/18/22
 componentsTransportation System
1. physical
2. human resource and
Physical Components 3. operating rule
Physical components of transportation system includes
• infrastructure;
• vehicles;
• equipment; and
• control, communications, and location systems.
  Human resource,

• Human resources, essential to the operation of transportation

systems, include
 vehicle operators such as automobile, truck and bus
drivers, airline pilots
 railroad engineers,
maintenance and construction workers,
transportation managers, and
professionals who use knowledge and information to
advance the transportation enterprise.
  Operating rules

Operating rules include

•schedules - define the arrival and departure times of

transportation vehicles at the different transportation terminals
and stations

•crew assignment- involves assigning operators to the different

vehicles (e.g., assigning bus drivers to the different buses in a
transit agency’s fleet, assigning pilots and flight attendants to
flights, etc.).

•connection patterns- refer to how service is organized over the

transportation system or network
• The solution to transportation problems must be,
 Safe --- public safety
Rapid --- time value and customer service
Comfortable/convenient --- Level of service
Economical --- Social cost
Environmental --- Clean air and sustainability
Movement --- Mobility
 MODES of TRASPORTATION
• The shipper or travelers use a wider range of choices in terms of the services
provided.
• Each mode offers a unique set of service characteristics in terms of traveler
 Time
 Frequency
 Comfort
 Reliability
 Convenience
 Safety
• The term level of service is used to describe the relative value of these
attributes
• The traveler or shipper must compare the level of service offered with the cost
in order to make tradeoffs and mode selection.
Mode of transportation system may be classified in terms of
Freight and passenger traffic
•The principal modes of intercity freight transportation are highways,
railroads, water and pipeline.
•The principal modes of intercity passenger transportation are
highways, air and railroad
Public Transportation
• A generic term used to describe any and all of the family of
transit services available to urban and rural residents.
•  Thus, it is not a single mode but a variety of traditional and
innovative services, which should complement each other to
provide systematic mobility.
 • Modes included within the realm of public transportation are
1. Mass transit: characterized by
 fixed routes,
 published schedule, and vehicles, such as buses and light rail or
rapid transit, that travel designated routes with specific stops
2. Paratransit: characterized by more flexible and personalized
service than conventional fixed-route, fixed-schedule services,
available to the public on demand, by subscription or on a
shared-ride basis.
3. Ridesharing: characterized by two or more persons traveling
together by prearrangement, such as carpool, vanpool, buspool,
or shared-ride taxi.
• Advantage of public transport
o Can provide high-capacity,
o energy-efficient movement in densely traveled corridors
4. Pipelines
• Oil
• Gas
• Other
• Road Transport:- An Identifiable Route/Path Which
Connects Two or More Places.
• Roads are Typically Smoothed, Paved or Otherwise
Prepared to Allow Easy Travel.
• It is Main Mode of Transport Out of all Modes
advantages of roadways DISADVANTAGES OF ROADWAYS

 maximum flexibility  Goods Carrying

for travel Capacity Is Low
 it permits any mode  Speed Is Low Compare
of road vehicle To Air And Waterway
 it provides door-to-  Less Comfort And
door service Safe
 it saves time for  Uneconomical For
short distance Long Distance
 construction and  Number Of Road
maintenance cost is Accident Is High
low
 ADVANTAGES OF DISADVANTAGES OF
RAILWAYS RAILWAYS
 GOODS CARRYING  IT IS NOT FLEXIBLE.
CAPACITY IS HIGH

 SPEED IS HIGH COMPARE  IT DEPENDENT ON

TO ROADWAYS ROADWAY

 CHEAPER THEN  TRAIN RUNS AS PER

AIRWAYS SCHEDULES

 COMFORTABLE FOR  MAINTAINANCE COST IS

LONG DISTANCE TRAVEL HIGH

 IT INCRESES TRADE,  IT PERMITS DEFINITE

COMMERS AND BUSINESS MODE OF TRANSPORT
• The competitive advise have given a powerful impetus to
transport development.

• Railroads compete with trucks, barges, pipelines and airlines.

• Airlines have counted heavily on speed but have also been

forced to greater safety and dependability to meet ground
transport competition.

• Bituminous material competes with concrete as the road

surface.

• Diesel won steam but may face competition with electricity.

• The rapid growth of urban areas by an even more rapidly
expanding population is a phenomenon that cannot be
overlooked among transport development factors.

• Accessibility to land and the intensity of land use are closely

related to transport availability.
 Economic and environmental impacts of transport
• Economic impact:
Key component of growth and globalization
Infrastructure building and operation of transport consumes
huge amount of capital
Traffic safety
• Environmental impact:
 infrastructure building consumes huge amount of land
Transport is largest drainer of energy
Air pollution
Traffic noise
THE END OF THE CHAPTER

06/18/22
Assignment 1 (5%)
1. how would your typical day be changed without availability of your principal mode of
transportation? consider both personal transportation as well as goods and services that you rely on.
2. a large manufacturer uses two factors to decide whether to use truck or rail for movement of its
products to market: cost and total travel time. the manufacturer uses a utility formula that rates each
mode. the formula is U=5C + 10T, where C is cost (birr/ton) and T is time (hours). for a given
shipment of goods, a trucking firm can deliver in 16 hours and charges 25 birr /ton, whereas a
railroad charges 17 birr /ton and can deliver in 25 hours.
a) which mode should the shipper select?

b) what other factors should the shipper take into account in making a decision? (discuss at least three)

3. an individual is planning to take an 800-km trips between two large cities. three possibilities are
exist: air, rail or auto. the person is willing to pay 25 birr for every hour saved in making the trip. the
trip by air costs 600 birr and travel time is 8 hours, by rail the cost is 400 birr and travel time is 16
hours, and by auto the cost is 200 birr and travel time is 20 hours.
a) which mode is the best choice?

b) what factors other than cost might influence the decision regarding which mode to use?
 Chapter-2. Transport planning
• Transport planning is a science that seeks to study the
problem that arise in providing transportation facilities and to
prepare systematic basis for planning such facilities.

• This planning will related to the operation of the highway

system, geometry, and operation of traffic facilities

• Good land use minimizes the need for transport: keeps

common activities close to people home, places high density
development closer to high capacity transport facilities

36
• Transport facilities consume significant amount of land in urban
areas: pavement (streets and parking) consumes more than 20%
of total land area – good transport planning reduces land wastage

Simply transport planning is an Activities that:

  Collect information on performance
  Identify existing and forecast future system performance
levels
  Identify solutions
Focus: meet existing and forecast travel demand
 Transportation planning is needed because of
 Increased demand of new facilities and services
 Huge investments in transportation projects
 Land use development
 Many alternatives exist for any transportation project

06/18/22
 Function Of Transportation Planning

• To identify highway system component

• To define transportation planning

• To recall the process and purpose of construction planning,

design

• To identify 4 models of transportation

39
 Important Of Transportation Planning

• Efficiency – to achieve efficient management and better

management of existing resources
 Effective use of transportation system
 Uses of technology
 Land use and resource controlling

• Quality :-To reduce a negative impact to the traffic that

produce a pollution

• Equity :- to meet travel demand and response for all

communities
 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PERIOD
• Short Term (Action Plan) :- review matters that can be
completed within three years and involve high costs.
 Example: program an engineers to optimize the use of
existing transportation systems by installing various
traffic control devices such as signs and signals

• Long Term ( ≥ 5 years) :- This type of planning is more

structured and complicated and it must be designed better
than short term planning
urban transportation planning process involves
planning the next 20 to 25 year
 Phases of transportation planning
•The first phase of transportation planning process deal with
 surveys, data collection and inventory.
 The next phase is the analysis of the data so collected
and building models to describe the mathematical
relationship that can be discerned in the trip making
behavior.

Basic Elements of Transportation Planning

•The transportation planning process comprises seven basic elements,
which are inter-related and not necessarily carried out sequentially
Basic elements of transportation planning

• The transportation planning process comprises seven basic

elements,
1. Situation definition

2. Problem definition

3. Search for solutions

4. Analysis of performance
5. Evaluation of alternatives
6. Choice of project
7. Specification and construction
44
 Each elements transport planning are :
 Interrelated
 Not necessarily carried out sequentially or they are
interdependent.
 The information acquired in one phase of the process may
be helpful in some earlier or later phase, so there is a
continuity of effort that should eventually result in a
decision

06/18/22
1 . Situation Definition

Involves all of the activities required to understand the

situation that gave rise to the perceived need for a
transportation improvement
The present system is analyzed, and its characteristics are
described
Information about the surrounding area, its people, and
their travel habits may be obtained.
Previous reports and studies that may be relevant to the
present situation are reviewed
06/18/22
2 . Problem Definition :
•To describe the problem in terms of the objectives to be
accomplished by the project
•To translate those objectives into criteria that can be used to quantify
the extent to which a proposed transportation project will achieve the
stated objective ( measures of effectiveness ).
•Identified the characteristics of an acceptable system
Constraints placed on the project (e.g. physical limitation [presence
of other structures ] )
Design standards (e.g., bridge width, clearances)
06/18/22
4. Analysis of Performance:
To estimate performance of proposed alternatives under present
and future conditions.
•Determination of the investment cost of building the
transportation project, as well as annual costs for maintenance
and operation.
• Involves the use of mathematical models for estimating travel
demand.
• Determine use of the system (such as trip length, travel by time
of day, and vehicle occupancy)
• Environmental effects are estimated
06/18/22
5. Evaluation of Alternatives:
How well each alternative will achieve the objectives of the project as
defined by the criteria.
•Performance data produced in the analysis phase are used to compute
the benefits and costs that will result if the project is selected.

6. Choice of Project:
It is made after considering all the factors involved.
■Whether the factors were a single criterion such as cost (select the
lower cost)
■In more complex projects other factors might be considered, selection
is based on how the results are perceived by those involved in decision
06/18/22
making
7. Specifications and construction
Detailed design phase in which each of the components of the facility
is specified.
■This involves its physical location, geometric dimensions, and
structural configuration.

06/18/22
52
 Project work --------- max mark 5%
• Evaluation process summit the term paper and presentation by preparing the ppt

Individual work

select a current transportation problem in your community or region with which you are familiar or interested. briefly describe the situation and
the problem involved . indicate the options available and the major impacts of each option on the community

Group work

Make group of four student per group & Follow all the basic elements of transport planning and write the term paper on the following title

1.The effect of land use on transport planning

2.Reducing urban traffic congestion

3.Improving the transportation movement in urban area

4.Introducing new transport mode where the mode is not exist

5.Redaction of traffic accident in urban area

6. Integrated Land Use Planning in sustainable transportation planning
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
 Transport Policy
• transport policy is a guiding principle that influences how the transport system
should behave to achieve desired outcomes and avoid transport problems

• It is a plan of action agreed on or chosen by a government, business entity etc. to

satisfy the desires of a society.

• Examples of such policies may include road expansion plans, transit system
priorities, fuel tax, emission limits etc.

• It is the task of politicians, and of the skilled professionals who advise them, to
identify the most appropriate solutions to today's and tomorrow's transport problems.

06/18/22
Objectives in transport policy can be categorized into four classes:

1.Statements of Vision: Broad indications of the type of area which politicians or the
public wish to see.

• These serve to identify long-term goals to which more detailed transport policy
objectives can contribute.

2. Higher level objectives: sometimes referred to as aims or goals, identify attributes of

transport system, or its side effects, which can be improved as a means of realizing the
vision.
• Example, Typical among are to reduce congestions, protect the environment, avoid
accidents and improve accessibility. These broad objectives indicate the directions in
which strategies should be developed.

06/18/22
3. Quantified objective

•They provide a clear basis for assessing performance of the strategy,

but they do require careful definition if the specified thresholds are to
be realistic.

4. Solution-specific ‘objectives’

•Search for solutions, and may lead to an overall strategy which is less
appropriate to the area’s needs

06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
  Transport planning policy

• More infrastructure for cars,

more space for motorized
vehicles, unsustainable focus:
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
Transport Demand Management
(TDM)
06/18/22
06/18/22
06/18/22
  The transport policy formulation process

1. Objective-led strategy formulation:

• defines problems in terms of specified objectives.
• These are then used to identify problems by assessing the extent
to which current, or predicted future conditions in the absence of
new policy measures,
• Possible solutions are then identified as ways of overcoming the
problems which have been identified
06/18/22
 Structure of objective lead policy formulation

06/18/22
 Problem oriented approach
• is to start by defining types of problem and to use data on current (or
predicted future) conditions to identify when and where these
problems occur.

• It has the merit of being easily understood

• it is critically dependent on developing a full list of potential

problems at the outset.

• starts by identifying problems and developing solutions to them.

TRANSPORT POLICY
FORMULATION
Vision of a
Desirable Future

Current Development

Current Situation

Trend Development
 Which Scenario do we want to follow?.
-What Is The ”Right” Policy Formulation
For Our Region Or City?

Current Development Possible Future Scenario “Car

Friendly City”

Possible Future Scenario Possible Future

“Environmentally Friendly Scenario “Trend”
Transport System” Possible Future
Scenario “Soft Mobility”
Transport Policy Formulation.............
 Effective transportation policy formulation need the
following
 The end of the chapter

Question

•Describe briefly one of the studies that undertaken in the planning process
Some Terminologies

 Trip: Complete Excursion (Out & Back)

 Journey: A One Way Journey

 Origin: Place Where Trip Started

 Destination: Place Where Trip Ended

 O-D/Demand/Trip Matrix: Matrix Of Trips From Particular

Origins To Particular Destinations
 Chapter three
Travel demand forecasting or Transport modeling

Travel demand – the number of persons or vehicles per unit

time that can be expected to travel on a given segment of a
transportation system under a set of given land-use,
socioeconomic and environmental conditions.

factors influencing TDF

• The location and intensity of land-use

•The socioeconomic characteristics of people living in the area

•The extent, cost and quality of available transportation service
– supply

88
 Purpose of Travel Demand Model
• This process is important to be in transportation planning for:
 provide new transportation system
 improve the existing system
 build highways, transit systems and other
• to determine the number of trips that will use the existing
transportation system. trips taken in the form of vehicle /
non-transport and private vehicles and public transport
 Origin and Destination study (O-D)
• To show the pattern and nature of daily trips made by the
residents
• The main purpose of O-D study is to plan the transportation in
urban city especially the type of land use, road/traffic
network and public transportation system.
• Determine the traffic flow – if traffic congestion occurs, a short cut
must be plan to give a comfortable travel to road user.
• Determine whether the existing road system is adequate or not
• Built a transportation models to make sure the transportation
planning will be more easier and also make a prediction about the
traffic pattern in the future.
A modeling

Definition:- is a simplified representation of the world or the

representation of an object or system in another form.
• ranging from a few simple equations to suites of computer
programs.
• Models can be..

quantitative (with numbers) or qualitative (without) 

static (relating to states or conditions) or dynamic (relating to

processes)
predictive (what will happen) or prescriptive (what should happen)

empirical (based directly on data) or synthetic (based on a

relationship derived from the data)
91
• choice Modeling of method  Depends on:

  The purpose of the exercise

  The level of detail and accuracy required

  The resources available

• purpose of a model 

to understand how the system works

  to predict usage and performance of the system in various possible

future circumstances

to design or manage facilities and services

  to evaluate possible investment options

92
Example of model

Oh = a + bEh + cCh
Where:
 Oh = number of trips made by household h
 E h = number of workers in household h
 Ch = number of cars owned by household h
 Oh is the dependent variable
 Eh and Ch are independent or explanatory variables
 a, b and c are parameters, shows the strength of the relation
between dep & ind
Model error
• Specification,  Data
• Calibration, Aggregation
•  Transfer, Trade off between model complexity and data error
•  Important to note:“ All models are wrong, but some are more wrong
than others”
93
 Basic principle of demand

• Demand is the amount of product or service desired at

particular price in a given time period

• the transport demand is a derived demand,

• supply function will answer the question what will be the

level of service of the system, if the estimated demand is
loaded to the system.

94
95
96
98
06/18/22
Trip generation
Objectives:

• Understand the reasons behind the trip making behavior.

• Produce mathematical relationships to represent trip-making pattern on

the basis of observed trips, land-use data and household characteristics.

06/18/22
 Trip Generation cont………..

•The prediction of the number of trips produced by and attracted to each

zone, that is, the number of trip ends generated within the urban area

•Define the magnitude of total daily travel in the model system, at the
household and zonal level, for various trip purposes (activities).

•Purpose of the trip generation studies is to predict the number of the trips
to be made and the exact time of when a trip will be made.
 trip production -- generally the trips made from households,
 trip attraction -- the trips made to a particular urban location or
activity.

Example :- House hold activities like trips to work, to school , shopping,

social and recreational. 101
 It has two basic functions:

1 . To develop a relationship between trip production or attraction and

land use, and

2. To use the relationship developed to estimate the number of trips

generated at some future date under a new set of land-use conditions.

• Productions & attractions – definition

 Productions: the home end of an HB trip or the origin of an NHB trip
 Attractions: the non-home end of an HB or the destination of an NHB
trip

102
• OD matrix, productions & attractions

• Example

103
• Factor influencing trip generation
Land use
Intensity with which different activity are per used
Socio economic activity
The nature, extent and capability of transport
system in the study area
Location

104
Factors affecting trip generation and rate of Trip Generation
•The main factors affecting personal trip production include
 income,

vehicle ownership,
house hold structure and family size.
value of land,
residential density and accessibility
•The personal trip attraction, on the other hand, is influenced by factors such
as
roofed space available for industrial,
commercial and other services.

• In trip generation modeling freight trip also an interest in addition to

personal trips
 are influenced by number of employees, number of sales
and area of commercial firms.
106
The growth factor (fi) depends on

 Population (P) of the zone,

 Average house hold Income (I),
 Average vehicle ownership (V).
Where "d " denotes the design year and the subscript "c" denotes the
current year.
→ Merits = Simple and easy to understand,
→ Demerit = Over-estimated number of trips.
Condition for the model
• Require good base year data
• It is generally not sensitive to casual or policy change
Example
107
 2. Regression analysis model

• regression analysis: a procedure for establishing an equation to

express the relationship between one variable and one or more other
variables

• Used to establish a statistical relationship between the number of trips

produced and the characteristics of the individuals, the zone, and the
transportation network.

Where:- xi = are explanatory variables such as income, car ownership,

population etc. Ti = is generated trip. ai = are parameters determined

through calibration process. 108
109
In general, regression analysis follows 5 stages:

• Statement of theory or hypothesis –propose problem

• Model specification to test the theory –linear, exponential

• Model estimation –collect data estimate the relation this has been
done by SSPS, excel

• Model verification (statistical inference)- check the goodness of the

model based on coefficient of determination (R^2) ( group
assignment)

• Forecasting and policy testing

110
 Single - Simple Linear Regression
consider two variables, X and Y, and we have n paired observations
on them (data): (x1,y1), (x2,y2), …(xn, yn),
• What is the relationship between Y and X?
Method: Assumed Y and x are linearly related, that is
Y = a+ b x
where: X - independent variable Y - dependent variable a, b -
regression coefficients so that Our Goal is :
• Find the best value for a and b
• Find out whether or not the identified relationship is validate,
• We shall find a and b so as to minimize the total estimation error
(E):This is called the method of least squares).

112
For linear equation having the form y = a+bx

where y is the trip rate, and x is the household size, a and b

are the coefficients. For a best fit, a &b is given by

a = y – bx

x =x/n & y = y/n

This is called the method of LSM

113
 B. Trip Distribution
• Trip distribution determine where the trips produced in each zone will
go- how they will be divided among all other zones in the study area.

• It Produce O-D matrix that shows the number of trips originated in the
study zone and where these trips are destined to.

• These models try to mathematically describe the destination choice

phase of the sequential demand analysis procedure.
• The main diagonal corresponds to Intra-Zonal Trips.
• Number of trips decrease with COST between zones
• Number of trips increase with zone “attractiveness”
• We link production or origin zones to attraction or destination
zones 114
 The factors (for any given trip purpose) which affect the number
of trips between two zones are:
 The number of trips produced by the origin zone.
 The degree to which the in situ attributes of the destination zone
attract trip makers. For example, if one is modeling the number of
shopping trips attracted to a zone then the type of attributes of the
zone which assume importance will be total shopping floor area,
number of retail outlets, office etc.
 The factors that inhibit travel between a pair of zones. These factors
could be,
 travel time,
 travel distance, and travel cost, etc.
Tij is the number of trips between origin i and destination (j).

•Oi is the total number of trips originating in zone (i) and

•Dj is the total number of trips attracted to zone (j).

•Trip distribution methods predominate in urban transportation planning are:

1. The Growth Factor methods

2. The Gravity Model.

116
 The Growth Factor Methods

• Assume that in the future the trip-making pattern will remain

substantially the same as today but that the volume of trips will
increase according to the growth of the generating and attracting
zones.

Advantages:

• Simpler than gravity Methods

• Good for small towns where considerable changes in land-use and

external factors are not expected

117
 Growth factor method cont………….

Growth Factor Models assume that we already have a basic trip

matrix.

Usually obtained from a previous study or recent survey data.

• The goal is then to estimate the matrix at some point in the future

• For example, what would the trip matrix look like in 2 years time?

1. Uniform Growth Factor

2. Singly Constrained Growth-Factor

3. Doubly Constrained Growth Factor

118
  Uniform Growth Factor

• If the only information available is about a general growth rate for the
whole of the study area, then we can only assume that it will apply to
each cell in the matrix, which is a uniform growth rate.
 Uniform Growth Factor cont…………..
Advantages are that they are simple to understand, and they are
useful for short-term planning. Example

Example (solve one equation)

120
06/18/22
06/18/22
 2. Singly Constrained Growth-Factor

• If information is available on the expected growth of either trips

originating or trips attracted to each zone, it will result in origin-

specific fi and destination-specific fj growth factors respectively.

Tij = fi tij For origin-specific factors

Tij = fj tij destination-specific factors

• Example

123
 Doubly Constrained Growth Factor

• When information is available on the growth in the number of trips

originating and terminating in each zone, we know that there will be
different growth rates for trips in and out of each zone and
consequently having two sets of growth factors for each zone.

• Iterative methods are proposed to obtain an estimated trip matrix which

satisfies both sets of trip-end constraints, or the two sets of growth
factors.

ai & bi are balancing factor

124
Basic Steps Followed

Example (assignment)
125
The advantages of this method are:
1. Simple to understand.
2. Preserve observed trip pattern.
3. useful in short term-planning
The limitations are:
1.Depends heavily on the observed trip pattern.
2. It cannot explain unobserved trips.
3. Do not consider changes in travel cost.
4. Not suitable for policy studies like introduction of a mode.

06/18/22
The Gravity model
This model originally generated from an analogy with Newton's
gravitational law.

“ The force of attraction between 2 bodies is directly proportional to

the product of masses between the two bodies and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance. ”

• The number of trips between two zones is directly related to activities

in the two zones, and inversely related to the separation between the
zones as a function of the generalized travel cost between the zone

127
• Introducing some balancing factor
where Ai  and  Bj  are the
balancing factors,  f(cij)  is the
generalized function of the
travel cost.

•  it follows the procedure for doubly constrained models.

• Derivation of the method consider the O-D matrix

Then the equation above will be reduced to and the balancing

factor of Bj is found

128
Bj depends on Ai which can be found out by the following equation:

• Therefore, through some iteration procedure similar to that of

double constrained method, the problem can be solved. The
procedure is discussed below:

06/18/22
 Summery of trip distribution

06/18/22
Mode choice
• Is the aspect of demand analysis process that determine the number
or percentage of the trip between zone that are made by different
mode

• The selection of one mode over the other mode is complex process
that depends on factor such as

1.Travel time income

2.Availability of the transit service auto ownership

3.The relative advantage of each mode in terms of

time, cost , Comfort and convenience Safety

06/18/22
Mode choice …….
• A model to predict the percentage of individuals who will
choose one mode over others for making a particular trip

• Mode choice is affected by:

Type of trip [trip purpose (work, leisure); time of day; …

Characteristics of the trip maker (income, age, car-

ownership)

Characteristics of the mode (relative travel time, reliability,

comfort, price, …)
132
Comparism of public and private transport
use road space more efficiently than private transport.

social benefits like if more people begin to use public transport , there will be
less congestion on the roads and the accidents will be less.

the fuel is used more efficiently.

Main characteristics of public transport is that they will have some particular
schedule, frequency

private transport is highly flexible and It provides more comfortable and

convenient travel.

Private transport has better accessibility

• The selection of one mode over the other depends on

Traveler income

Availability transit service or Auto

Travel time

Comfort, continence and safety

• Type of modal split model

Trip-end modal split models

Trip-interchange modal split models

Binary logit model ------------the most common and it will

assume that if the utility of one mode is higher than the other,
then that mode is chosen.
Logit method
 is the simplest form of mode choice, where the travel choice
between two modes is made.
The mode chose is expressed as probability distribution
The Utility of a mode is the “satisfaction” a user derives from
using a certain mode of transport. It is a linear combination of
cost attributes a transport mode presents to its user

a1, an –are calibration factor

Cij generalized cost of travel
tij travel time in terms of in vehicle, walking, waiting,
Fij-fare charge, Øj parking cost, δ- comfort and convenience 135
• If we compare two mode of transport based on the
generalized travel cost the selection of one mode over the
other depend on the following criteria
An alternative approach used in transportation demand
analysis is to consider the relative utility of each mode as a
summation of each modal attribute.

the choice of a mode is expressed as a probability distribution.

B---- is the parameter for calibration.

137
4. Route Assignment
The process of allocating given set of trip interchanges to the
specified transportation system

•The major aims of traffic assignment procedures are:

To estimate the volume of traffic on the links of the network and
obtain aggregate network measures.

To estimate inter zonal travel cost.

To analyze the travel pattern of each origin to destination(O-D)

pair.

To identify congested links and to collect traffic data useful for the
design of future junctions.
138
 Data required for route assignment
• How many trip will be made from point of origin to destination

• Have to know the available highway or transit rout between the origin
to destination

• How long it will take to travel to each origin to destination

• Decision rule that state the criteria by which the motorist or transit user
will select a route

06/18/22
 Example - 1 ( All - or - nothing assignment )
• Consider a simple transportation network that has one origin and one
destination and two links/paths that provide access from the origin to
the destination.

• Link – 1 7.5 miles long and has a capacity of 4000 vehicles per hour
and a speed limit of 55 miles per hour. Link – 2 is 5 miles long and
has a capacity of 2000 vehicles per hour and a speed limit of 35
miles per hour. Assuming that 5000 drivers wish to make the trip
from the origin to the destination, find the loaded network?
• Link 1

Capacity: 4000 vehicles; speed = 55 mph; distance = 7.5 miles.

Free-flow travel time = 7.5/55 = 8.18 minutes.

• Link 2

Capacity: 2000 vehicles; speed = 35 mph; distance = 5 miles

Free-flow travel time = 5/35 = 8.57 minutes.

• All-or-nothing suggests that link 1 is the shortest path from

origin to destination and will be assigned with all 5000
vehicles and link 2 will be assigned 0 vehicles.
145
06/18/22
 Individual assignment -2:-General question
1. What are the four stage travel demand modelling component do?
What’s its output and what's its input? How does it fit in the
framework?
2. Do you understand the definitions? If yes explain each briefly and
give sample example for each of them
 OD-matrix, production, attraction, generalized travel costs,
 the modelling methods
 Growth factor: uniform, singly and doubly constrained and Gravity
model
3. Explain the advantage and dis advantage of the method listed four
stage travel demand modeling
Quiz
1. Write down 4 travel demand models in transportation planning and explain them briefly.
2. The utility function for minibus and passenger buss is given

Where

A, determine the proportion the selection of the two mode

B, if it is planned to move 1000 people from the jobsite to the town calculate the number of
population using mode mini buss