Long Range and Short Range Communication Networks
Long Range and Short Range Communication Networks
WLANs give users the ability to move around within the local coverage
area and still be connected to the network.
Modern WLANs use Spread Spectrum or OFDM technology, under the IEEE
802.11 standard, and are marked as Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) brand name.
First WLAN was ALOHAnet in 1971, using seven computers deployed over
four islands to communicate with the central computer on Oahu Island.
Wireless LANs use OFDM technology in the 2.5 GHz and 5 GHz frequency
bands to connect to the local access points, which in turn are connected
to the large area networks.
Types of WLANs
IEEE 802.11a is an extension to 802.11 WLANs and provides up to 54-Mbps in the 5GHz band
IEEE802.11b (802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) is an extension to 802.11 WLANS and provides 11 Mbps
transmission in the 2.4 GHz band
IEEE 802.11e — a wireless draft standard that defines the Quality of Service (Qos) support for LANs
IEEE 802.11g —WLAN transmission over short distances at up to 54-Mbps in the 2.4 GHz bands
IEEE 802.11n — builds upon 802.11 standards by adding multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
IEEE
802.11ac improved 802.11 data rate of 433Mbps/stream, or 1.3Gbps in a 3-antenna (3- stream)
design
IEEE 802.11ad WLAN with operating frequency ~ 60 GHz and maximum data rate of 7Gbps
IEEE 802.11r Fast Basic Service Set (BSS) enables Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) roaming on Wi-Fi
IEEE
802.1X is port-based Network Access Control that allows secure communication between
authenticated and authorized devices.
Wi-Fi networks
Wi-Fi Alliance was founded in 1999
Wi-Fi is defined as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) product based on the IEEE 802.11
standard
Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g. personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones
and digital cameras.
WI-Fi devices can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via wireless access
points (APs) with a range of about 20 meters indoors
Wi-Fi usage has spread in university campuses, shopping malls, airports, and most public
places.
City-wide service started in the U.S. in 2005 with Sunnyvale, California being the first to
offer free Wi-Fi.
Wi-Fi has competition from local communication industry, which provides superior service
at a reasonable cost.
Types of Wi-Fi networks
Infrastructure network is a wireless network
configuration commonly used in home networks
and hotspots
Ericsson in 1994
Bluetooth uses FHSS technology in the ISM band of 2.4 to 2.485 GHz to
connect devices such as keyboards, pointing devices, audio headsets,
printers, PDAs, and cell phones.
Wireless communication between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth car stereo system .
Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, like mouse, keyboard and printer
GPS receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices
Game consoles: Nintendo's Wii and Sony's PlayStation use Bluetooth for wireless controllers
Short range transmission of health sensor data from medical devices to mobile units
Real-time location systems (RTLS) are used to track and identify the location of objects in real-time
using Nodes or tags attached to, or embedded in the objects tracked
Personal security application on mobile phones for prevention of theft or loss of items
Data collected from travelers' Bluetooth devices is used to predict travel times and road congestion for
motorists
ZigBee Smart Energy to monitor and control the delivery and use of
energy and water.
Ultra Wideband (UWB) systems
Ultra-wideband (UWB) systems were pioneered by Robert A.
Scholtz and others
-40
-45
0.56 mW
mw
-50
-55
0.008 m
mW 0.07 m
mW
-60
0.0018 m
mW
-65
-70
-75
0.000019 mW
-80
0 5 10 15 20
Frequency, GHz
UWB transmission and reception
UWB modulation
UWB pulse generation
Potential advantages and
disadvantages of UWB
Low cost, low power: simple implementation
Multipath resistant
Susceptibility to interference