Lifting Supervisor Training: Slinging SAFETY
Lifting Supervisor Training: Slinging SAFETY
TRAINING
Slinging SAFETY
The Users Responsibilities
Operator
Rigger
The Users Responsibilities
• Engineers
Spreader Beam
certificate
•SWL mark
• Signed
inspection sticker
(colour code)
Wire Chain
Rope
Metal Mesh
Synthetic Round
Synthetic Rope
Basic Rigging Hitches
Straight Choke
Basket
Types of Hitches
Characteristics:
• Load capacity is 100 % that of a single
part
• Taglines should be used if the load tends
to rotate as rotation can damage the sling.
• Use on items with lifting eye bolts or
shackles or when a second sling is used
in a spreader bar application
• Do NOT use when lifting loose or lengthy
material, anything difficult to balance
15
Types of Hitches
Choke – loading with the sling passed through one eye and
suspended by the other
Choke
Basket - loading with the sling passed under the load and
both ends on the hook or a single master link.
Rigging Basics - Hitches
Characteristics:
• Effectively doubles the capacity of a
single vertical sling
• Stress on each leg tends to be
equalized
• Use on straight lifts when the load is
shaped so that the sling (or slings) will
not slide over the surface.
• Do NOT use on loads that are difficult
to balance and could tilt or slip out of
the sling(s).
• When terminating to a common point
(like a hook), sling angle can reduce
sling capacity. 20
Basket
Capacity % of
1''
Angle Single Leg
90º 200%
60º 170% 20''
45º 140%
30º 100%
Rigging Rating Based on Breaking Strength
How Components Fail
Crushing
Wear
Bent Fastening
Fitting
Stripped
threads Broken wires
Kinking
Wear
Capacity
marking Bent
Cut plys
Wear
Bent
Melted
Pitch
{
Full thread
Torn stitching
Latch
Hook
Rigging Equipment Slings
Types of slings include alloy steel chain, wire rope,
metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope, and
synthetic web.
BODY
OWNERSHIP
IDENTITY
BEARING
CHECK FOR WEAR
AND STRAIGHTNESS SURFACE
PIN
THREADED
CHECK THAT PIN PAN
IS ALWAYS SEATED
AND IS ‘MATCHED’ TO CHECK THAT SHACKLE
BODY JAW HAS NOT ‘OPENED-UP’
CLEARANCE PIN OPENING
(GAPE)
SHACKLES
PRE - USE INSPECTION
Over 1 1/4
Right Wrong
Wrong Correct
Hardware Application
90°
120°
Shackle Application
RB 100
MSSC Training Section 49
49
ON RIGHT: Angle loads must be applied in the plane of the bow.
Shackles symmetrically loaded with two leg slings having a maximum included
angle of 120 can be utilized to full Working Load Limit.
Side Loading Reduction Chart
For Screw Pin and Bolt Type Shackles Only
Drop forged eye bolts with a shoulder. Forged eye bolts are
significantly stronger than wire eyes and are available in larger
sizes. These bolts should not be used for angular loads
Note: Each eye is supplied with one nut.
Non-shouldered eye
bolts are only designed
for vertical loads.
Angular loading
must be in the
plane of the eye
Eye Bolt Application
1. Do not use eye bolts that have worn threads or other
flaws.
2. Do not insert the point of a hook in an eye bolt. Use
a shackle.
• Always use Shouldered Eye Bolts for angular lifts.
• For angular lifts, reduce working load according to
chart.
• Never exceed load limits.
• Always screw eye bolt down completely for proper
seating.
• Always tighten nuts securely against the load.
• Always stand clear of load when lifting.
• Always lift load with steady, even pull do not jerk.
• Do not reeve slings from one eye bolt to another.
• Never machine, grind or cut the eye bolt.
turnbuckle
SWL OF TURNBUCKLES/
RIGGING SCREWS
BS 4429
DIA (mm) SWL U.S. FED. SPEC
10 300KG
12 500KG DIA (ins) WLL
16 750KG 3/8 545KG
20 1.25t 1/2 1.00t
22 2.0t 5/8 1.59t
27 3.0t 3/4 2.36t
30 4.0t
7/8 3.27t
33 5.0t
1 4.55t
39 6.0t
42 7.5t 1 1/4 6.90t
48 10.0t 1 1/2 9.73t
56 15.0t 1 3/4 12.13t
64 20.0t 2 16.82t
72 25.0t 2 1/2 27.27t
76 30.0t 2 3/4 34.09t
85 40.0t
100 50.0t
Plate Clamps
Horizontal clamps
• Uses
•Hazards
• Incorrect clamp for
task
• Overloads
• Personal Injury
• Faulty Equipment
• Load(s) Falling
• Uses
•Hazards
• Exceeding S.W.L
• Damaged Equipment
• Incorrect attachment(s)
• Loads Falling
• Personal injury
Chain Blocks
• Uses
•Hazards
• Exceeding S.W.L
• Faulty Equipment
• Incorrect attachment(s)
• Loads Falling
• Personal Injury
Chain Block
Sling Components
• Hooks
• Coupling Links
• Fittings
• Sling Legs
• Can be assembled at the job site but must
use recommended components and
assembly procedures
May also require some sort of weight test
Three Types of Slings
Chain Slings
Unloaded Chain
Loaded Chain
Shortening LINK
Pre-use inspection
---stretch or deformation
---wear between chain links and
load pin
---heat damage or chemical
effect
---safety catches
When a chain
shows excessive
wear, or is cracked
or pitted, remove it
from service
Non-alloy repair
links can not be
used
CORE
The core of a wire rope can be
Fibre (FC),
Wire Steel (WSC),
or an Independent Wire Rope
Core (IWRC)
STRANDS Depend on classification of Rope
but usually consists of Wires spiralling around
a Central Core Wire
Wire Rope Construction
Wire Rope Cores
265-wire rope (6 x 36) with a steel core, intended for hot environments.
The nominal breaking strain of individual wires in ropes must be 1770 N/mm2.
The minimum wire fill-factor of ropes must be 0.40.
How to describe any wire rope
A typical wire rope may be Each strand
contains 25
designated 6X25 FW PRF RLL XIP
wires
Strand
IWRC. This translates to:
A 6 strand (6X25) of filler wire
construction (FW).
The grade of wire used is Extra
Improved Plow Steel (XIP).
The strands are preformed (PRF) in
helical pattern before being laid Right
Wire rope slings shall be inspected before and after each use
according to the list below: --self-inspection
---broken wire
---distortion of the rope ( kinking)
---excessive wear
---heat damage
---distortion of ferrules, splicing or
fittings, etc.
Wire rope sling having any of the above mentioned characteristics
shall be immediately removed from service and destroyed.
General Requirements
Mechanical Splice
Protruding Ends
U must always in
shorter side
WIRE ROPE
Clips
Never saddle a dead horse
live line
dead end
saddle on live end
: clips staggered
: clips reversed
. If a pulley (sheave) is used in place of a thimble, add one
4
6d = 100%
5d = 85%
4d = 80%
3d = 70%
2d = 65%
1d = 50%
7/16 7/16 2 7 65
1/2 9/16 3 12 95
5/8 5/8 3 12 95
1 1 5 26 225
2 2 8 71 750
3 3 10 106 1200
If a pulley (sheave) is used for turning back the wire rope, add one additional clip.
142
Rope Required number of Tightening
diameter wire rope grips torque required
19 mm 4 68 n/m
22 mm 5 107 n/m
26 mm 5 147 n/m
30 mm 6 212 n/m
34 mm 6 296 n/m
40 mm 6 363 n/m
Apply first clip one base width from dead end of rope.
Apply U-Bolt over dead end of wire rope – live end rests in
saddle (Never saddle a dead horse!).
When more than two clips are required, apply the second clip as near the
loop or thimble as possible, turn nuts on second clip firmly, but do not
tighten.
3. When three or more clips are required, space additional clips equally
between first two - take up rope slack - use torque wrench to tighten on
each U-Bolt evenly, alternating from one nut to the other until reaching
recommended torque.
• Eyes in wire rope bridles,
slings, bull wires, or in
single parts used for
hoisting must not be
formed by wire rope clips
or knots.
Remove From Service
Crushing
Wire Rope Slings
Remove From Service
WIRE ROPE REJECTION CRITERIA
• Consider which regulations apply to your work location and apply
the relevant criteria as applicable.
• Recognise the removal criteria. - 9 points to consider
(BRITISH STANDARDS)
1. Number,nature,type and position of visible broken wires in a
length equal to 10 times the rope diameter a maximum 5% of total
number of wires in the rope.
2. Local groups of visible broken wires-a maximum of 3 in one or
adjacent strand.
3. Deterioration in the vicinity of the termination or terminal damage
any wire breaks within 6mm of the termination.
4. Core deterioration-abrupt loss in diameter.
5. Wear-Maximum reduction in diameter-10% from nominal diameter.
(6&8 strand) (3%from nominal -Multistrand).
6. Internal corrosion - reject rope if internal corrosion is confirmed.
7. External corrosion - corrosion causes very high losses in rope breaking
load.Reject rope if corrosion causes wire slackness.
8. Deformations.
9. Thermal damage.
Wire Rope Slings
Remove From Service
Wire Rope Slings
Remove From Service
Termination Failure
Termination Failure
Damaged wire rope
Crushed Rope
Broken Strands
6 RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED
broken wires in 1 rope lay
1.0 Violet
2.0 Green
3.0 Yellow
4.0 Grey
5.0 Red
6.0 Brown
8.0 Blue
10.0 and over Orange
MSSC Training Section 170
Polyester Round Slings
Codes and Capacities
Synthetic Web Sling
Markings
• Mark or code to
show:
Name or trademark
of manufacturer
Rated capacities for
the type of hitch
Type of material
MSSC Training Section 173
Web slings
1.nylon 2.polyester
• The melting point is 260oC, but polyester lifting equipment must not be
used with loads or ambient temperatures hotter than 100oC.
• The strength is not affected by water. Water absorption is negligible.
• Note that friction and sharp edges can quickly wear and cut polyester.
• Lifting equipment in polyester has a blue identification tag.
Polypropylene
Safety factor
Stitching
• BUFFER STRIPS
of leather , nylon or other material sewn on the body of
the sling protect against wear.
Leather pads are more resistant to wear.
Not recommended in length over six feet because of their strength
characteristics differ from those of webbings.
Lifting gear---personnel working basket
---structure defects
---excessive wear
---corrosion
---other unsafe condition
Determining the weight of
the load
• Shipping paper
• Manufacturers information attached
to the load
• Catalogs or blueprints
• Tables of weights from
manufacturers or handbooks
• Make sure the weight has not
changed
Volume & Area Formulas
Calculating an allowable load
• Determine the breaking strength of the
rope
Load which will cause the rope to break
Refer to standard tables in rigging
handbooks
Listed according to the diameter and
kind of rope
Design or safety factor usually 5
Calculating an allowable load
• Find the load limit by dividing the breaking
strength of the rope by the design factor
• Example-
If the table indicates that the breaking
strength of the rope you are using is
27,000 pounds. Dividing this figure by
the design factor of 5 gives you a 5400
pound maximum allowable load.
Determine the center of gravity
• The point at which the load will balance
• Whole weight of the load is considered
concentrated at this balance point
• When suspended from a point, the load
tends to move so that the center of gravity
is directly below the point of support.
• Make sure the center of gravity is located
directly below the hoisting hook
Determine the center of gravity
• Stable load
Balanced about its center of
gravity
Directly below the hoisting hook
• Unstable load
has a tendency to tip or topple
Creates a hazard to personnel and
equipment
Before Lifting any load
check for hazards
• If not directly below
the hook the load is
unstable
• If the sling is free to
slide across the hook
the center of gravity
will shift directly below
the hook
• If two slings are used
one will assume the
greater share of the
load
Before Lifting any load
check for hazards
C.G.
216
Safe Slinging Practice
Unstable
The load will shift until the
CG is under the hook.
The hook is not over
the centre of gravity This will make landing the load
very difficult, and could cause
major problems in carnage
Horizontal Force
• Very often sling legs are attached at an angle less
than 900
• Then a horizontal force is added to the vertical
force
• Resulting Combined force is greater than the
weight of the load
• Horizontal force increases as the angle becomes
smaller
Horizontal Force
• When a sling
angle is 300 the
total force is
twice that of the
load
• Sling Angles of
450 are not
recommended
Horizontal Force
• Horizontal forces act
on the load causing
damage by
compression or
buckling
• Horizontal forces are
absorbed by using a
spreader beam making
the sling legs between
beam and load vertical
Sling Angles
SLING ANGLES
1.0 Tonne
The SWL of a pair of single slings decreases as the angle between them
increases.
0°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 0°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2
30°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.966 30°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 1.93
60°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.866 60°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 1.73
90°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.707 90°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 1.414
120°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.5 120°-SWL=SWL of one sling only.
500 LBS
500 LBS
S
57
LB 1000 LBS 1000 LBS
7L
70
S
LB
7
7
BS
57
LB
7
90 60° 45° 30°
70
S
1000 LBS 1000 LBS 1000 LBS 1000 LBS
500
500
Kg
Kg
1000 1000
Kg Kg
707 707
Kg Kg 1932 1932
Kg Kg
90 90
45 45 30 30 15 15
Where:
Load factor is
calculated as follows
L
L/H =Load Factor H
L = 12’
H= 10’5”
144 / 125 = 1.152
Load Angle Factor
Load factor:Measure
at midpoint if
necessary.
Sling Angles
Angle Factor
90º 1.000
85º 1.004
80º 1.015
75º 1.035
70º 1.064
L 65º 1.104
H
60º 1.155
55º 1.221
50º 1.305
45º 1.414
40º 1.555
L/H =Load Factor 35º 1.742
30º 2.000
L = 144’’ 25º 2.364
20º 2.924
H= 125’’
15º 3.861
144’’/ 125’’ = 1.152 10º 5.747
Angle near 60° 5º 11.490
Sling Load Angle
Sling Angles Angle Factor
90º 1.000
60º provides excellent load control with 85º 1.004
minimal mechanical force applied to 80º 1.015
slings. Use caution over 60º as the load
can become unstable with multiple
75º 1.035
slings depending on load and hitch. 70º 1.064
65º 1.104
60º 1.155
Most Desirable Angles 55º 1.221
50º 1.305
45º 1.414
40º 1.555
Use Caution With
35º 1.742
These Angles 30º 2.000
25º 2.364
20º 2.924
Avoid These Angles 15º 3.861
Rigging to angles less than 30° 10º 5.747
is not recommended. 5º 11.490
Included Angle
All triangles have 180°
Included Angle
90° 120°
30° 30°
45° 45°
Can carry Can carry Can carry Can carry Can carry
100% of 88% of 80% of 70% of 40% of
rated load rated load rated load rated load rated load
Safety latches
omitted
Safe Slinging Practice
Softeners, padding or use
of blocking..
Safe Slinging Practice
Is it right
method to
extend a
chain sling?
Unsafe Slinging
Point Lifting
Method:
Lift by the designed lifting points only
Use the manufacturers supplied & certified lifting
eyes/accessories only
Precautions:
Avoid lifting over others wherever possible
Tag lines are to be used for all lifts wherever practicable
Shutters are to be visually inspected before any lift
Loose materials are to be removed from all shutters
Wall shutters
Unacceptable…
Lifting Shutters
Extract from RC
Code
Use of tested
lifting cleats as
per previous
slide is a better
option than
wrapping chains
around dividags
Acceptable…
Unacceptable…
Unacceptable…
System column shutters
Column Shutters
Tableforms
Method:
Tables are to be lifted at the designed lifting points only
Properly designed, tested lifting equipment to be used
Method statement/risk assessment to be rigidly adhered to
when lifting these shutters
Precautions:
Exclusion zones to be established below all areas where
these shutters are being removed from the building
Additional training may be required for slinger/signallers
Tableforms lifting hook
Tableforms
Acceptable…
Unacceptable…
Both on same load…
Acceptable…
Acceptable…
Rigid Sheet Materials
Method:
Typical load, rigid sheets such as Plywood, scaffold boards
Double wrapped with webbing slings or chains unless banded
Precautions:
Webbing slings to be less than 6 months from 1st issue
Webbing slings must be protected from sharp edges, not be
worn, have cuts or any damage
The load must be level for uniform loading
Sleeves or secure packing should be used at corners to avoid
damaging materials or slings.
Acceptable…
Unacceptable…
Scaffold boards
Unacceptable…
Loose timber
Method:
Chains or slings double wrapped & choked
or Lifting forks with debris netting
Precautions:
Ensure stillage is loaded within capacity
Check stillage for impact damage
Beware of rusted bases
Stillage Bins
Acceptable
Unacceptable
Open Stillages
Method:
Where possible, lift load and stillage separately
Where lifting together, two leg chains or slings
double wrapped around both load & stillage
Precautions:
Ensure bite to avoid risk of tube slippage
Avoid risk of compression to structure of stillage
Essential that load is level
Acceptable
Unacceptable
Pallet / brick forks & net
Method:
Pallet Forks (netted) are frequently used for
palletised or banded materials e.g. bricks, blocks
Precautions:
Check the load is within the capacity of the forks
Method:
Use only single leg drop chain of correct capacity
Precautions:
Skips approved for lifting & identified in Lifting Plan
Never lift directly with the crane hook
Beware of overloaded skips - If in doubt, don’t lift
Beware of rusted floors or loosely fitting traps
Tremmie pipe with chain attached to skip frame to avoid fall
Tremmie pipe to have discharge end secured to upper edge of skip
Tremmie pipe connecting pin must be locked in place before concrete skip
is moved/loaded.
Concrete skip or drop chain
Muck-skip or drop chain
Tremmie pipe & pin location
Rubbish Skips
Method:
Skips must be marked as tested & certified for lifting
Otherwise use skip cradle for all skips EXCEPT as noted above & with
specific agreement with the EHS department
Use appropriately rated & sized 4 leg chain slings attached to tested lifting
lugs
Precautions:
Never lift waste skips which are not approved for lifting
Skips that can be lifted are identified in Lifting Plan & uniquely coloured
Beware of overloaded skips - If in doubt, don’t lift
Skips should be netted or lids closed during lift
Beware of rusted floors - If in doubt, don’t lift.
Rubbish Skips with lifting cradle
Designated lifting skip
Steelwork
Lifting Connections
Generally all beams and columns will be lifted using positive lifting
points, i.e. Dawson shackles, LBG shackles and / or bolted on lifting
plates etc.
Dawson
Shackle
Steelwork positive lifting
Steelwork positive lifting
• Chains wrapped through holes
Precast concrete
Method:
Lift using ALL manufacturers cast-in lifting points provided
Use correct Lifting Accessories (check if provided by
manufacturer)
Precautions:
Ensure lifting eyes fully inserted & lifted at correct angle
Ensure multiple legs slings are evenly loaded
Consider required angle of unit to allow safe positioning
Consider supplier constraints such as limitations on
orientation or intermediate support requirements etc
Precast concrete
Gas bottles
Bottles to be lifted in a
specifically designed &
fabricated lifting cage, tested
etc as other lifting
accessories
Any shackle used to connect
to hook etc is subject to a
separate test inspection
BOTTLES ARE NOT TO BE
LIFTED HORIZONTALLY,
OR IN BOAT-SKIPS OR IN
ANY GENERAL BUILDERS
SKIPS
Gas bottles
Bottles are to be
physically secured
into lifting cradle
Gas bottles
• Bottle banks to be
lifted via the supplied
lifting point only
Site plant
Method:
Only lift using integral lifting points (or refer to manufacturer instructions)
Precautions:
Only lift from manufacturer’s approved & rated lifting points (Some lugs
are for transportation restraint only)
Secure any loose equipment, including jockey/dolly wheels
Check correct lifting shackles are used
Visually check condition of item to be lifted. Does it look well maintained?
Address any concerns to the Crane Supervisor
Check loads & centre gravity – are fuel/oil/water tanks filled?
Do not lift MEWPS with boom/scissor elevated.
Site plant
Site plant
Portable buildings
Method:
4 leg chain slings attached to designated lifting points with D Shackles or
safety hooks
Chains to be minimum 45 degrees to horizontal
Precautions:
Remove all heavy items or hazards inside, before lifting
Only lift high enough to place on trailer and under no circumstances to lift
over anything or anybody
Do not walk the roof to remove chains. Use ladders safely to access
chains or shackles
Connect fall prevention lanyard to crane hook via inertia reel if necessary
Portable buildings
Portable buildings
Forklift Lifting Suspended Loads
Method:
Multiple items can be slung & lifted together provided there is
no risk of loss of load (or part load), both are level with one
another, & there is a safe method of removing the lifting gear
once landed
Both must be treated as individual loads & slung accordingly
Precautions:
Multiple lifts are to be agreed with the Lifting Coordinator
Beware when removing slings / chains etc – load may shift
Acceptable?
Acceptable?
Chandelier lift
Method:
Each load is to be treated as an individual load & slung accordingly
Precautions:
Where loads are of unequal lengths, the longer load must be slung
as the LOWEST load, & the lengths reduced progressively upwards
Tag lines are essential
There is a safe method of removing the lifting gear once landed
Unacceptable…Why?
Tandem lifting
Stillages should be
used when lifting
glass
Glass to be secured
to the stillage
Stillage should be
thoroughly
examined & tested
Specialised lifts – Glass stillage
Lifts should be
planned by a
competent person
Specialised lifts – vacuum lifters
Subject to thorough
examination
Trained and
competent
operators only to
use
Secondary means
of support required
Specialised lifts – vacuum lifters
A secondary
mechanical device
must be used when
using vacuum lifters
EXAMPLE:
(a) 1/2 inch diameter rope
SWL = 1/2 x 1/2 x 8 = 2 tons
(b) 5/8 inch diameter rope
SWL = 5/8 x 5/8 x 8 = 3.125 tons
(c) I inch diameter rope
SWL = 1 x 1 x 8 = 8 tons
SWL OF SLINGS
When L = S
Sling angle is 60˚
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
Calculating SWL
H is the vertical distance
from the saddle
of the hook to the top of
the load.
L is the distance
measured along the
sling from the saddle of
the hook to the
top of the load.
The ratio H/L will be same
as the ratio h/l
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
Determining capacity
of 2-Leg Bridle
Hitch
SWL
= SWL (of single
vertical hitch) X H/L X
2
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
Determining capacity
of 3-Leg Bridle
Hitch
SWL
= SWL (of single
vertical hitch) X H/L X 3
When sling legs are
not of equal length
use smallest H/L ratio.
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
Determining capacity of 4-
Leg Bridle
Hitch
Load may be carried by
only 3 legs while
the fourth merely
balances it. Therefore
the recommended SWL is:
SWL
= SWL (of single vertical
hitch) X H/L X 3
When sling legs are not of
equal length
use smallest H/L ratio.
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
Determining capacity of
Single Basket
Hitch
For Vertical legs (fig A):
SWL = SWL (of single
vertical hitch) X 2
Determining capacity of
Double Basket
Hitch with inclined
angles
SWL
= SWL (of single vertical
hitch) X H/L X 4
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
Determining capacity
of Double Wrap
Basket Hitch
Depending on the
configuration, SWLs
are the same for the
Single Basket Hitch
or the Double Basket
Hitch.
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
SWL
= SWL (of single
vertical hitch) X H/L X
A/B X 2
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
Determining capacity
of Double Wrap
Choker Hitch
Depending on the
configuration, SWLs
are the same for the
Single Choker Hitch
or the Double Choker
Hitch.
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
Endless Sling in
Double Basket
Hitch
Configuration
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
Endless or Grommet Slings Standard Eye-to Eye slings
SLING ANGLES AND SAFE WORKING LOADS
Effect of sling angle on Webbing
Twisted Eye Slings
Basic Sling Operating Practices
(ANSI B30.9)
Whenever any sling is used, the
following practices shall be
observed!
1. Slings that are damaged or defective
shall not be used.
2. Slings shall not be shortened with knots
or bolts or other makeshift devices.
Basic Sling Operating Practices
(ANSI B30.9)
REPLACEMENT
Severe localized Abrasion or Scraping.
Ten Randomly Distributed Broken Wires in
one Rope Lay, or Five Broken Wires in One
Rope Strand in One Rope Lay.
Evidence of Heat Damage. (Cut with a
Torch)
Basic Sling Operating Practices
(ANSI B30.9)
REPLACEMENT
Kinking, Crushing, Birdcaging, or Any
Damage Resulting in Distortion of the Rope
Structure.
Damaged, Distorted or Field Welded Hooks.
Damaged or Worn End Attachments.
If In Doubt, Don’t Use It!
GUIDELINES FOR
SLINGER/BANKSMAN
1. Do everything possible to ensure the safety of personnel
and equipment.
2. Be familiar with the crane working range,load radius and
boom angle.
3. Know and understand appropriate safe slinging principles.
4. Inspect lifting accessories each time before use.
5. Know the weight of the load and the slinging methodology.
6. Be able to select the correct equipment for the job in hand.
7. Be aware of obstructions and hazards within operating range.
8. Know and understand the method of banksman hand signals.
9. Give clear and precise hand signals.
10. Use correct protocol during radio communication.
GUIDELINES FOR
SLINGER/BANKSMAN
11. Warn personnel in the area of the movement of the load.
12. Never lift a load over personnel.
13. Never stand beneath a load or allow other personnel to do so.
14. Ensure hands are clear from lifting gear prior to lifting loads.
15. Always ensure an escape route is available prior to lifting loads.
16. Always use tag lines especially for awkward loads.
17. Ensure a minimum of 3 personnel is deployed for each lifting
operation. I.E. Crane operator, Banksman and slinger.
18. If anything out of the ordinary occurs - STOP and CHECK.
19. Be aware of potential snagging points in the vicinity of the load
whilst hoisting/lowering in restricted areas.
20. Be aware of wind speed and direction which could affect the
lifting operation.
Removing Jewelry and Wearing
Gloves!
Cause?
Not wearing gloves
and not taking off
the ring.
RIGGER TRAINING
SIGNAL SAFETY
Two-Way Radio Communication
A. STOP
One Audible Signal
B. GO AHEAD
Two Audible Signals
C. BACK-UP
Three Audible Signals
Hand Signals – Special
Hand Signals
ANSI B30.5-3.3.5 Instructions:
BRIDGE TRAVEL
Standard Hand Signals For Controlling
Overhead Cranes
TROLLEY TRAVEL.
Palm up, fingers closed,
thumb pointing in
direction of motion, jerk
hand horizontally.
TROLLEY TRAVEL
Standard Hand Signals For Controlling
Overhead Cranes
STOP
Standard Hand Signals For Controlling
Overhead Cranes
Use one hand to give
any motion signal and
place other hand
motionless in front of
hand giving the motion
signal. (Hoist Slowly
shown as an example.)
MOVE SLOWLY
Standard Hand Signals For Controlling
Overhead Cranes
Crane operator
spreads both hands
apart – palms up.
MAGNET
DISCONNECTED
Eleven questions for safe hoisting (work permit)
• Are all those involved familiar with the rules and procedures for the hoisting assignment?
• Have all those involved visited the Toolbox?
• Have the necessary hoisting/lifting equipment and materials been inspected and given a:
- Safe hoisting weight
- Unique identification number
- Valid inspection date?
• Are all the safety provisions operating correctly?
• Is everyone aware of who the responsible supervisor is for these hoisting activities?
• Is everyone properly qualified and aware of their assigned tasks?
• Is there a plan to carry out a task risk analysis and/or risk inventory & evaluation for the job and does
everyone understand the hoisting assignment and the precautionary measures?
• Do we know under what weather conditions the hoisting work needs to be suspended (e.g. high
winds)?
• Has the hoisting area been checked and is everyone positioned at a safe distance in the event that the
load swings or falls?
• Have the communication methods been agreed and are they clear?
• Is the hoisting equipment being used in the correct way?
Sling Angles
Load Angle Factor 1.155
Never use a D to d
ratio of 1:1 or less.
Always use at least
one size larger
shackle than wire
rope size.
D to d IS EXTREMELY
IMPORTANT IN RUNNING
ROPES ON A CRANE. THE
LARGER THE SHEAVES,
THE LESS BENDING
FATIGUE IN THE ROPE.
SAME AS BENDING
A PAPER CLIP
D to d
Sling Angles Load Angle Factor 2
10,000#
Load Per Sling
7/8’’
Sling Size
1’’
Shackle Size
Sling Angles Load Angle Factor 1.414
Load Sling A
Load Sling B
A
B Sling A Size
Sling B Size
5 tons
Shackle A Size
Shackle B Size
Sling Tension
A LF
LF B
1.2
2
60/120 60/72
5 tons
Share of Load
104 + 40 =144” 10,000 X .72 7200#
=
10,000 X .28 2800#
=
.72 or 72%
144 104
Which sling is which?
.28 or 28 %
144 40
Center Of Gravity
Load Angle Factor A 2 Share Of Load Sling A 2,800#
Load Angle Factor B 1.2 Share Of Load Sling B 7,200#
A
Sling A Size 5/8’’
B
Sling B Size 3/4’’
5 tons
SEMI CANTILEVER
GANTRY GANTRY
CRANE CRANE
Types of cranes
• Boom truck
• Jib crane
• Crawler Crane
• Ceiling Crane
• Tower Crane
• Gantry Crane
• Side Boom
• Hammer Crane
• …
Identification and Capacity
The manufacturer must issue a Test Certificate for
every crane he produces, identifying it and specifying
the Safe Working Load (SWL) which must be clearly
marked on the Crane structure.
Safe Working Load
Booms
• A lattice boom resembles pipe pieces connected
together. It is cable suspended and acts as a
compression member. The structure is
lightweight, which means extra lifting capacity.
This boom is usually transported in sections that
are assembled at the site. Crawler and tower
cranes typically have lattice booms. Most heavy
lifting is done with lattice booms.
• A telescoping boom works in the same manner as
a retractable telescope. As lift height is needed,
the boom is telescoped or extended. This boom
acts a bending member when lifting. Typically, the
boom comes ready for lifting when it arrives at the
site. Mobile hydraulic cranes, sky track type lifters
use telescoping booms. Moderate to medium
lifting can be done with telescoping booms.
Type of Cranes
• Mobile cranes are widely used in
construction since they are capable of
moving freely around a job site. Rubber
tired cranes are also capable of moving
rapidly between construction projects.
Crawler cranes have excellent local
mobility but must be transported on
equipment trailers between projects.
• Tower cranes are widely used on
building construction sites as well as on
other construction projects requiring
large vertical clearances and having
restricted space in the work area. Such
cranes are able to move loads over a
wide area and have an almost unlimited
vertical range
Mobile Crane
Crawler
Telescoping Lattice-boom
boom all- truck-mounted
terrain
Modified
cranes for Rough-
heavy lifting terrain
Crawler Cranes
• The full revolving superstructure of this type of unit is
mounted on a pair of continuous, parallel crawler tracks.
• The crawlers provide the crane with good travel capability
around the job site.
• Inclined lattice mast, which helps decrease compressive
forces in the boom.
• Relocating a crawler crane between projects requires that it
be transported by truck, rail, or barge. These machines
usually have lower
• Initial cost per rated lift· capability, compared with other
mobile crane types is low, but movement between jobs is
more expensive.
• Therefore, crawler-type machines should be considered for
projects requiring long duration usage at a single site.
Telescoping-Boom Truck-Mounted
Cranes
• These truck-mounted cranes have a self-contained
telescoping boom.
• Most of these units can travel on public highways
between projects under their own power with a
minimum of dismantling.
• These machines, however, have higher initial cost per
rated lift capability.
• For small jobs requiring crane utilization for a few
hours to a couple of days, a telescoping truck crane
should be preferred.
• Telescoping-boom truck cranes have extendable
outriggers for stability.
Outriggers
444
Industrial Cranes
• Gantry cranes
Similar to overhead cranes,
but supported by a mobile
frame which travels on the
ground
Floor-mounted
jib crane
447
Lifting Capacity
• Lifting capacity depends upon:
Boom length A
Radius of load B
Counter weight F
Weight of crane
Boom angle C
• The tipping load is that load which produces
• tipping condition at a specified radius.
Rated Loads
• The rated load for a
crane are published by
the manufacturer.
• A partial safety factor
with respect to tipping
are:
Crawler-mounted
machines: 75%
Rubber-tire-
mounted machines:
85%
Machines on
outriggers: 85%
Rated Loads
• Load capacity will vary
depending on the
quadrant position of
the boom with respect
to the machine's
Undercarriage
Over the side
Over the drive end
of the tracks
Over the idler end of
the tracks
Rated Loads
• The important point is that the rated load should be
based on the direction of minimum stability for the
mounting, unless otherwise specified.
• The minimum stability condition restricts the rated
load because the crane must both raise and swing
loads.
• The swinging motion will cause the boom to move
through various quadrants, changing the load's effect
on the machine.
• Further, it should be remembered that the rating is
based on the fact that the outriggers are fully
extended.
• Rated loads are based on the assumption that the
crane is in a level position (for the full 3600 of swing)
Rated Loads
• Another important
consideration with modern
cranes is that tipping is not
always the critical capacity
factor.
• At short radii, capacity may
be dependent on boom or
outrigger strength and
structural capacity, and at
long radii, pendant tension
can be the controlling
element.
• Manufacturers' load charts
will limit the rated capacity to
values below the minimum
critical condition taking into
account all possible factors.
Lifting Attachments
Tower Cranes
• Tower cranes provide high lifting height and good
working radius, while taking up a very limited area.
• These advantages are achieved at the expense of low
lifting capacity and limited mobility, as compared to
mobile cranes.
• The three common tower crane configurations are
a special 'vertical boom arrangement ("tower
attachment") on a mobile crane
a mobile crane superstructure mounted atop a
tower
a vertical tower with a jib.
Tower Cranes
vertical boom
arrangement on mobile crane
a mobile crane superstructure
mounted atop a
tower
vertical tower
with a jib.
Tower Crane Parts
Mobile Cranes Rigged with
Vertical Towers
• Crawler- and truck-mounted tower cranes use pinned jibs
extending from special booms that are set vertically.
• A crawler-mounted tower crane can travel over firm, level ground
after the tower is erected, but it has only limited ability to handle
loads while moving.
• A truck mounted tower crane must have its out rigers extended
and down before the tower is raised.
• Therefore, it cannot travel with a load, and the tower must be
dismantled before the crane can be relocated.
• Recent models of truck-mounted tower cranes merge a bottom-
slewing
• tower crane with a mobile truck crane.
• The resulting crane provides excellent lifting height and outreach,
as would a normal tower crane, and yet it is possible
• to erect and dismantle the crane in less than 15 min.
Fixed-Base Tower Crane
• Overturns
Major Causes of Crane Accidents
• Fall
• Mechanical failure
Major Causes of Crane Accidents
• Lack of training
• Inadequate
maintenance or
inspection
How do Accidents Occur
Operator
Banksman
No hand
signals
Improper load rating
Inadequate inspection
and maintenance
Unguarded parts
Crane Hazards
Shattered windows
Ensure proper
maintenance and Barricade areas within swing radius
inspections
Estimation of load
Lifting gear capacity
Crane stability
Load stability
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
CRANE SAFETY
Lifting Supervisor
TRAINING
Legislations &
Code of Practice
LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
8. Properly planned
Properly supervised
Carried out in a safe manner
LOLER
Reg`s Cont`d
9. Thorough examination and inspection.
• Lifting persons every 6 months.
• Accessories lifting gear slings hooks shackles 6 months.
• Lifting equipment, mechanical device capable of raising
or lowering a load 12 months.
• Routine Lifts
• Non-routing Lifts
• Risk Assessment
• Training
• Competent Personnel
• Documentation
WORK
Key responsibilities of the Lift
Team:
• Post Operations
• Everyone on the Lift Team in the lift
has the opportunity to discuss and
make improvements to the lift plan
• Any learning points noted on the
plan will be reviewed by the
Competent Person (e.g. this may
include feedback or equipment
effectiveness, lifting techniques,
etc.)
• Employees should ensure that the
significant learning’s and
improvements identified from
lifting operations are recorded and
communicated to all relevant
parties
RESPONSIBILE PERSON
• The Responsible Person is someone who has overall
responsibility for work activities.
• This person may be the Supervisor, Manager, Project
Engineer, Appointed person, etc.
• The Responsible Person recognizes, or is advised
of; the need for a lifting activity and either notifies
the Competent Person or appoints a Competent
Person to plan the lifting operations.
Notification of a Lift
COMPETENT PERSON
• The Competent Person is someone who has the
required level of competency to plan and supervise
lifting operations.
• He must have the practical skill, theoretical
knowledge and ability to carry out risk assessments,
produce and assess lift plans and conduct Pre-lift
meeting or Toolbox Talks.
• Example of a Competent Person & Responsibilities:
• Crane Operator: is responsible for those
operations under his or her direct control.
Whenever there is any doubt as to safety, the
crane operator should have the authority to
stop and refuse to handle loads or continue
operations as safety dictates.
COMPETENT LIFT TEAM
MEMBER
• Each team member has the responsibility to know
and work within their own competency
• They are required to attend and participate in Pre-Lift
meeting or Toolbox, carry out Pre-use inspections of
lifting equipment and stop any operations when they
are concerned about its safety.
• Example of a Competent Lift Team Member &
Responsibilities:
• Rigger: the Qualified Rigger is an
integral part of crane operations,
shipping, material movement, and
rigging. Qualified Riggers have certain
responsibilities and duties that are
critical to the safe load lifting and
attaching activities as per this RP.
• The Crane Operator and Rigger(s) must
work as a team.
• Communication among the Lift
Team is one of the most important
responsibilities.
Only Qualified Riggers
who participate in rigging
operations will be used.
Riggerwill always be a
key member of the Lift
Team.
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
• Those providing technical support must be
technically competent in the area of expertise upon
which they are requested to give advice.
• Example of a Technical Support Person &
Responsibilities:
• Engineer: shall understand their role and be
competent to do it. Shall inform the Crane
Operator if conditions changes and/or if there
are safety concerns during lifts.
PLAN the LIFT
• The lift plan is intended to clearly identify the
Competent Person planning the lift, the lifting
operation to which it relates, all lifting operations
shall have a lift plan supported by and analysis of
hazards and risks.
HAZARDS
KS
EQU
IP RIS
• The plan should describe in detail the systematic
steps or movements required to safely relocate the
load from origin to its final resting place
G
ESTI N
R
I N AL ACE
F PL
N
I GI
OR
• The Lift Plan should be documented and identify the
Lift Team members and shall include copies of
current certificates and credentials.
Crane Operator
Rigger
• The Lift Plan should include a copy of most recent
crane inspections and pre-use inspection.
• The Lift Plan may only require a generic in
nature but will still be reviewed prior to
each lift plan supported by and onsite risk
assessment and team briefing whereas
non-routine lifts, this may be further
classified, for example in terms of Simple,
Complicated, Complex/Critical, may need
significant engineering design effort
GENERIC LIFT
PLAN
• The classification of lifting operations is
designed to give the Responsible Person
and Competent Person additional
guidance.
The Following Items to
Consider for Lift Planning
• The type & number of personnel • Where lift will originate
required; • Finale location of lift
• Their specific roles and • Identify lift is onboard or
competences; offboard
• How they will be briefed; • Condition of crane performing
• The size/shape and weight of lift
the load & lifting points; • Dropped object survey
• Pick up and set down points • Lift over survey
and constraints such as space
• Center of Gravity
and stacking;
• Do you have a emergency plan
• Rigging equipment required and rescue plans
and lifting hardware inspection
& certification checks; • Restrictions on the lift such as
weather
• Step-by-Step instructions
• Access and egress for slinging
• Communication methods to be
and un-slinging the load in
used
work area
LIFT
CATEGORIZATION
• To insure that suitable controls are applied, lifting
operations should be categorized according to the
level of risk and complexity
As an aid to identifying risks and suitable
controls, lifting operations should be
categorized to reflect increasing risk and
increasing level of control
ROUTINE LIFT
OPERATION GUIDE
• Within the normal operating • Load has known and
parameters of the crane evaluated weight, shape and
• Lifting over non-sensitive centre of gravity
areas • Standard rigging
• Suitable environmental arrangements
conditions • Repetitive lifting operations
• Familiar, competent using the same equipment
Qualified Crane Operators • Order of function repeated
• Single function or series of
functions repeated manually
or automatically
Ageneric risk assessment and lift plan
may be used for routine lift
STANDARDS
lifting operations.
CRITICAL ROLE COMPETENCE
LIFT PLAN
• The system should allow the
Person in Charge (PIC) to easily
confirm personnel competence.
Records of competence
should be available on site
and if practicable on the
person
• Only suitable Competent
Personnel should be involved
in lifting operations
Personnel should be
trained, assessed and
monitored as part of a
Competency Scheme
DOCUMENTATION
• Written lift plan
• Safety checklist
• Drawings
• Risk Assessment
• JSA / JSEA
• Toolbox Talk
• Permit to work
• Heavy lift controls
Talk
Toolbox
APPROVAL OF THE LIFT
PLAN
• All lifts plan should be reviewed and approved by a
Competent Person
• The rigor of review should be determined by the
category of lift, which may require a Engineer
Specialist
R
N EE
GI
EN
ITIC X
CR PLE
AL
M
CO
CHANGES
• Any changes to plan should be approved as if it
were a new plan
SUMMARY
• Questions for a safe lift:
Things to Consider:
• Nearly all crane and lifting safety plans mandate a
reduction in chart capacity for multi-crane lifts (some
exclude tail cranes)
• A greater chance of side loading either crane exists
• Load distribution can change if one crane gets
noticeably higher than the other
• Swinging and hoisting at the same time are not
recommended
• If one crane fails, the other will have all of the load
• A first rate signalman is required as well as good
communications
Multi-Crane
Lifts
Two Cranes –
Horizontal Loads
• The two cranes used on
this concrete beam
allowed the beam to be
landed first on one end
• The two cranes were
probably on the jobsite,
resulting in cost savings
Multi-Crane
Lifts
Two Cranes –
Horizontal Loads
• Here two matched
cranes lift an
asymmetrical load
• Careful CG calculation
and load distribution is
very important
Multi-Crane
Lifts
• For years,
mechanical track
jacks (and similar
products) were the
standard for much
jacking, and are
still used today
Alternate Lifting
Methods:
Hydraulic
Jacks
• To the large, as
with lifting this
large truss bridge
with center hole
strand jacks
Alternate Lifting
Methods: Flat
Jacks
• Hydraulic gantries
can be utilized in
open spaces or tight
spots
Alternate Lifting
Methods:
Hydraulic
Gantries
• Forklifts,
especially with the
increasing
popularity of rough
terrain forklifts,
have taken over
many jobsite lifting
activities
Lifting With
Helicopters
(Rotorcraft)
• When working
around people or
operating plants,
such as at this
truck plant,
special care and
planning must be
implemented
QUESTIONS
?
THANK YOU
VERY MUCH
FOR
YOUR KIND
ATTENTION
.
Do’s & Don’ts
Always Never
• Ensure that only authorized
slingers/signalers attach or • Wrap tag line around hand
detach loads, or signal the or body.
crane operator. • Leave a suspended load
unattended.
• Discuss operations with the
crane operator (special • Pass loads over people.
operations). • Ride or climb on
• Ensure that the capacity of suspended loads.
the crane is sufficient. • Stand or walk beneath the
• Seek expert advice when loads.
using eye bolts, plate clamp • Use pipes to support for
etc. landing the load
• Use tag line always