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    Manonmani K
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    India is the world's second largest producer of rice and wheat. Cereal production in India has grown significantly since the 1960s due to the Green Revolution, increasing yields through irrigation expansion and improved seeds. While only 20% of increased production came from area expansion, 80% came from higher yields. India is now self-sufficient in cereal production and occasionally exports cereals like rice and wheat. The major structural components of cereals include the seed coat, endosperm for nutrient storage, and germ. Within these components are further structures like the aleurone layer, starch granules, and protein bodies.

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    Current Status of Cereals in India

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    India is the world's second largest producer of rice and wheat. Cereal production in India has grown significantly since the 1960s due to the Green Revolution, increasing yields through irrigation expansion and improved seeds. While only 20% of increased production came from area expansion, 80% came from higher yields. India is now self-sufficient in cereal production and occasionally exports cereals like rice and wheat. The major structural components of cereals include the seed coat, endosperm for nutrient storage, and germ. Within these components are further structures like the aleurone layer, starch granules, and protein bodies.

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    33 views20 pages

    Current Status of Cereals in India

    Uploaded by

    Manonmani K
    India is the world's second largest producer of rice and wheat. Cereal production in India has grown significantly since the 1960s due to the Green Revolution, increasing yields through irrigation expansion and improved seeds. While only 20% of increased production came from area expansion, 80% came from higher yields. India is now self-sufficient in cereal production and occasionally exports cereals like rice and wheat. The major structural components of cereals include the seed coat, endosperm for nutrient storage, and germ. Within these components are further structures like the aleurone layer, starch granules, and protein bodies.

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    of 20

    Cereals, Pulses and Oilseeds

    Technology
    Current status of cereals in India
    Production
     India has reached to a level of self-sufficiency in the
    production of cereals after the green revolution.
     India is the world's second largest producer of Rice, Wheat
    and other cereals.
     India's total cereal production has averaged 2.7 percent
    annual growth since the mid-1960s. ..
     The country registered record food grain production in
    2018-19 clocking 285.17 million tonnes, which is slightly
    higher than food grain output of 285.01 million tonnes in
    2017-18. - more than twice the production level achieved
    in 1993
    Contd.,
     This was more than sufficient to keep pace with growth in
    market demand, and the country moved from severe food
    crises in the mid-1960s to aggregate food surpluses today.
     This remarkable increase in cereal production was largely the
    result of increases in yields;
     only 20 percent of the total production increase can be attributed to
    expansion of the net cropped area, and
     80 percent to yield increases.
     The yield increases were attained from two major sources:
     an expansion of irrigated area from 24 million hectares in 1962-65
    to 44.3 million hectares in 1990-93, and
     the spread of Green Revolution technologies,
     including improved seeds and
     intensive use of inorganic fertilizers.
    Export
     India is not only the largest producer of cereal as well as
    largest exporter of cereal products in the world.
     The huge demand for cereals in the global market is
    creating an excellent environment for the export of Indian
    cereal products.
     In 2008, India had imposed ban on export of rice and
    wheat etc to meet domestic needs.
     Now, seeing the huge demand in the global market and
    country's surplus production
     India's export of cereals stood at Rs. 56,841.08 crore /
    8,180.87 USD Millions during the year 2018-19.
     Rice (including Basmati and Non Basmati) occupy the
    major share in India's total cereals export with 95.7%
    during the same period.
     Whereas, other cereals including wheat represent only 4.3
    % share in total cereals exported from India during this
    period.
     Major Export Destinations (2018-19): Iran, Saudi Arabia,
    UAE , Nepal and Iraq.
    Structure
     Cereal grains are the fruit of plants belonging to the grass
    family (Gramineae).
     Botanically, cereal grains are a ‘dry’ fruit called a
    caryopsis (Fig. 1.1).
     The caryopsis fruit has a thin, dry wall which is fused
    together with the seed coat.
     Kernel structure is important with respect to minimizing
    damage during grain harvest, drying, handling, storage,
    milling, and germination and in enhancing nutritional
    value.
     There are a few important structural features that the
    cereal grains have in common.
    Contd.,
     The seed portion of cereals
    consists of numerous
    components which basically
    include three parts:
     a seed coat or testa (bran),
     storage organ or nutritive
    reserve for the seed
    (endosperm), and
     a miniature plant or germ.
     The aleurone layer which is just below the seed coat, is only a
    few cells thick, but is rich in oil, minerals, protein and
    vitamins.
     Starch and protein are located in the endosperm which
    represents the bulk of the grain and is sometimes the only part
    of the cereal consumed.
     Starch is arranged in the form of sub-cellular structures called
    granules that are embedded in a matrix of protein.
     The developing endosperm contains protein bodies which
    become a continuous phase as the grain matures.
     There is generally a gradient of more protein and less starch
    per cell from the outer to the inner region of the endosperm.
     The diameter, shape, size distribution and other
    characteristics of starch granules vary with different
    cereals.
     Starch granules range in size from 3-8 µm in rice; 2-30
    µm in corn, and 2-55 µm in wheat.
     Reserve proteins in the endosperm are in the form of
    smaller ‘protein bodies’ that range in size from 2-6 µm
    that become disordered and adhere to the starch granules
    in the mature grain of species like wheat.
    Bran or pericarp
     The outer layer, epidermis of the cereal consists of thin-
    walled long rectangular cells.
     Next to the epidermis is the hypoderm of varying
    thickness.
     The innermost layer of pericarp tears during the ripening
    of the seed and in the mature grain they are represented by
    a layer of branching hypha-like cells called tube cells.
     The seed coat or testa is a thin single or double layer.
     The inner layer of testa of wheat is often deeply
    pigmented which gives the grain its characteristic colour.
    Embryo
     The germ or embryo consists of many parts.
     It is separated from endosperm by scutellum which has the
    function if mobilizing the stored food in the endosperm
    and transmitting them to the embryo when the grain
    germinates.
     The germ and scutellum are rich in protein and fat.
     Most of the B vitamins in the grain are present in the
    scutellum.
    Structure of Rice

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