5SS2 Chapter 5 Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution

CHAPTER 5:
LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN

BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL
EVOLUTION
BELLWORK
CITE SOME CHANGES IN
THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF YOUR COMMUNITY
FOR THE PAST TEN
YEARS.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETIES
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
 Refers to the process

whereby organisms undergo
various genetic and physical
changes that pave way for
biological diversity.
 Spanish American Biologist
 “ various types of plants, animals and
other living things on earth have their
origins in other pre-existing types and
the distinguishable differences are due
to modifications in successive
generations.
 Process of descent with modification
FRANCISCO JOSE AYALA
TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION
 Introduced by Anthropologists in 1970s
refers as the mutual interactive evolution of
human biology and culture.
 States that biology makes culture possible
and that developing culture further influences
the direction of biological evolution
BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION
 Cultural development is interconnected
with people’s capacity for language, tool
making, and technological innovation.
THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
INTITUTION
DIVIDED HISTORY IN THREE STAGES
OF DEVELOPMENT:
SAVAGERY
BARBARISM
CIVILIZATION
LEWIS HENRY MORGAN
INTITUTION
 “Accumulation of private
property paved way for the
collapse of primitive
communities and
establishment of a class-
based society.”
FRIEDRICH ENGELS
INTITUTION
Social institutions evolve primarily due to struggle between

social classes over the means of production, such as wealth
and property.
FRIEDRICH ENGELS KARL MARX
INTITUTION
 20th century
 “individual members in
the societies engage in a
competition for survival
where the superior ones
dominate the inferior.
HERBERT SPENCER NON-EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
INTITUTION
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
 “individual’s attitudes, beliefs, and
ideas are based on the cultural context
of his or her society.
Human behavior is not rooted in

FRANZ BOAS biology but is socially constructed.
INTITUTION
TWO IDEAS ON THE ORIGIN OF
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTION
 EVOLUTION OCCURS BASED ON “STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT” –MORGAN/ENGELS
 ONE STAGE DOES NOT NECESSARILY PRECEDE OR

LEAD TO OTHER STAGES. – FRANZ BOAS
INTITUTION
CHIEFDOM
TRIBES
BAND-LEVEL SOCIETY/BANDS
INTITUTION
 Small and nomadic family
groups and were plainly
organized.
 Highly egalitarian and non
hierarchical
 Distinction is based on age, sex
and division of labors
INTITUTION
 Leaders exercised a certain
degree of authority or influence
but does not exercise power to
enforce rules. No special status
in the society.
 These groups were not
considered as political
organizations.
INTITUTION
TRIBES
 More formal social organization

made up of several bands and
groups that were connected
through a clan structure of
kinship.
 Lead by “HEADMAN”
INTITUTION
TRIBES
HEADMAN
 Performed activities such as:
Resolving Conflicts Overseeing activities
Organizes feasts and

festivals
INTITUTION
CHIEFDOM
 Tribes united under one leader or chief.
 More complicated interactions between member tribes

and had large populations and territories.
THE INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION
Happened during the mid-

1700s until the 1800s
many societies in he world
particularly in Western
Europe were transformed
due to Industrial
Revolution.
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCED THE INDUSTRIAL
EVOLUTION:
Technological breakthroughs and inventions
Increased use of mechanical devices.
Discovery of steam power which led to
factory system
EFFECTS:
Increased migration Changes in lifestyle
Growth of urban populations
Increased production Rise of middle class
Technological advancement
THEORIES ON SOCIETY AN STATE
1 SOCIETY AS A NATURAL INSTITUTION
SOCIETY AS A PRODUCT OF SOCIAL

CONTRACT 2
3 MODERNIZATION THEORIES

Ancient Greeks believed that society and it’s various
institutions are a natural product of man’s interactions.
“Human beings are by nature social and

political animals”
-Aristotle

POLIS
 or city-state, considered as the highest
form of interaction which fulfills the
highest need of man which is self-
sufficiency.
 Reflection of natural order.
CONTRACT 2
SOCIAL CONTRACT
 Agreement made by the
members of society that defines
and influences their interactions,
particularly those in authority
CONTRACT 2
IDEAS ON THE NATURE OF SOCIAL CONTRACT
THOMAS HOBBES
 need to guarantee security of the people.
 Main role of the political ruler is to
maintain order and security of the people.
CONTRACT 2
JOHN LOCKE
 Need to guarantee fair and impartial
enforcement of the law.
 Primary function of the state is to guarantee
individuals to exercise their natural rights to life,
liberty, and property.
CONTRACT 2
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
 Emphasizes on the natural equality of humans.
 General will.
HISTORICAL-MATERIALIST PERPECTIVE
 By Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels asserts that societies evolve in
stages in relation to the development of the means of production and
its ownership.
 Viewed as the instrument of the ruling class

STATE to maintain its control over the means of
production.
THEORIES OF MODERNIZATION
MAX WEBER
 Observed the process of rationalization and
bureaucratization.
 More specialized functions have to be
performed by social institutions as societies
expand economically.
THEORIES OF MODERNIZATION
EMILE DURKHEIM
END…

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CHAPTER 5:

LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN

 Refers to the process

Social institutions evolve primarily due to struggle between

Human behavior is not rooted in

 ONE STAGE DOES NOT NECESSARILY PRECEDE OR

 More formal social organization

Resolving Conflicts Overseeing activities

Organizes feasts and

 More complicated interactions between member tribes

Happened during the mid-

1 SOCIETY AS A NATURAL INSTITUTION

SOCIETY AS A PRODUCT OF SOCIAL

1 SOCIETY AS A NATURAL INSTITUTION

“Human beings are by nature social and

1 SOCIETY AS A NATURAL INSTITUTION

 Viewed as the instrument of the ruling class

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