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    MICHAELA MENDOZA
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    This document discusses waves, including their properties and types. It defines a wave as a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium. There are two main types of waves: transverse waves, where the medium moves perpendicular to the wave direction, and longitudinal (compressional) waves, where the medium moves parallel to the wave direction. Key wave properties are wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed. The energy of a wave depends on its amplitude. Waves can change direction through reflection, refraction, and diffraction. Sound waves require a medium and differ from light waves, which can propagate through empty space. The next class will cover sound propagation through solids, liquids and gases, and the interaction of light with matter.

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    This document discusses waves, including their properties and types. It defines a wave as a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium. There are two main types of waves: transverse waves, where the medium moves perpendicular to the wave direction, and longitudinal (compressional) waves, where the medium moves parallel to the wave direction. Key wave properties are wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed. The energy of a wave depends on its amplitude. Waves can change direction through reflection, refraction, and diffraction. Sound waves require a medium and differ from light waves, which can propagate through empty space. The next class will cover sound propagation through solids, liquids and gases, and the interaction of light with matter.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11 views26 pages

    Introduction To Waves

    Uploaded by

    MICHAELA MENDOZA
    This document discusses waves, including their properties and types. It defines a wave as a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium. There are two main types of waves: transverse waves, where the medium moves perpendicular to the wave direction, and longitudinal (compressional) waves, where the medium moves parallel to the wave direction. Key wave properties are wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed. The energy of a wave depends on its amplitude. Waves can change direction through reflection, refraction, and diffraction. Sound waves require a medium and differ from light waves, which can propagate through empty space. The next class will cover sound propagation through solids, liquids and gases, and the interaction of light with matter.

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    of 26

    INTRODUCTION TO WAVES

    PROPAGATION OF SOUND THORUGH SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS


    LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
    Why are we able to see and hear?
    Answer: Because there is light and
    sound.
    And…what is light?
    Answer: Light is a wave so as the sound.
    What is a
    wave?
    A wave is a disturbance that carries energy from
    place to place.
    A wave does NOT carry matter with it! It just moves
    the matter as it goes through it.
    Some waves do not need matter
    (called a “medium”) to be able to
    move (for example, through space).

    These are called electromagnetic


    waves (or EM waves).

    Some waves MUST have a medium


    in order to move. These are called
    mechanical waves.
    Wave Types
    1. Transverse waves: Waves in which the medium
    moves at right angles to the direction of the wave
    Parts of transverse waves:
    Crest: the highest point of the wave
    Trough: the lowest point of the wave
    2. Compressional (or longitudinal) waves:
    Waves in which the medium moves back and
    forth in the same direction as the wave
    Parts of longitudinal waves:
    Compression: where the particles are close together
    Rarefaction: where the particles are spread apart
    Wave Properties
    Wave properties depend on what
    (type of energy) is making the waves.
    1. Wavelength: The distance between one point
    on a wave and the exact same place on the
    next wave.
    2. Frequency: How many waves go past a point
    in one second; unit of measurement is hertz (Hz).

    The higher the frequency, the more energy in the


    wave.
    10 waves going past in 1 second = 10 Hz
    1,000 waves go past in 1 second = 1,000 Hz
    1 million waves going past = 1 million Hz
    3. Amplitude: How far the medium moves from
    rest position (where it is when not moving).
    Remember that for transverse waves, the highest
    point is the crest, and the lowest point is the trough.
    Remember that for compressional waves, the
    points where the medium is close together are
    called compressions and the areas where the
    medium is spread apart are called rarefactions.
    The closer together and further apart the
    particles are, the larger the amplitude.

    compression

    rarefaction
    The energy of a wave is proportional to the square of its
    amplitude. Mathematically speaking . . .

    E = CA 2
    Where:
    E = energy (the capacity to do work)
    C = a constant (depends on the medium)
    A = amplitude

    For example:
    If the amplitude is equal to 3 units
    (and we assume C = 1 for this case) . . .

    E = (1) (3)2 = (1) (9) = 9 Joules


    Note that when the amplitude of a wave is one unit, the energy
    is one unit.
    • When the amplitude is doubled, the energy is quadrupled.
    • When the energy is 10 times greater, the energy is 100 times greater!

    Amplitude Energy
    1 1
    2 4 E = CA2
    3 9
    4 16
    5 25
    6 36
    7 49
    8 64
    9 81
    10 100
    4. Wave speed: Depends on the medium in
    which the wave is traveling. It varies in
    solids, liquids and gases.
    A mathematical way to calculate speed:
    wave speed = wavelength x frequency
    (in meters) (in Hz)

    OR

    v=f x ‫ג‬

    Problem: If a wave has a wavelength of 2 m and a frequency of 500 Hz,


    what is its speed?
    v=f x ‫ג‬

    Problem: If a wave has a wavelength


    of 2 m and a frequency of 500 Hz,
    what is its speed?

    Answer: speed = 2 m x 500 Hz = 1000 m/s


    Changing Wave Direction

    1. Reflection: When waves bounce off a surface.

    If the surface is flat, the angle at which the wave hits the surface will
    be the same as the angle at which it leaves the surface
    (angle in = angle out).

    This is the law of reflection.


    2. Refraction: Waves can
    bend.

    This happens when a wave


    enters a new medium and its
    SPEED CHANGES.

    The amount of bending


    depends on the medium it is
    entering.
    3. Diffraction: The bending of
    waves AROUND an object.

    The amount of bending


    depends on the size of the
    obstacle and the size of the
    waves.

    Large obstacle, small wavelength


    = low diffraction
    Small obstacle, large wavelength
    = large diffraction
    HOW DOES A SOUND WAVE DIFFER
    TO A LIGHT WAVE?
    NEXT CLASS… The Propagation of Sound
    through Solid, Liquid, and Gas
    The interaction of light to
    matter
    REMINDERS:

     Update your google submission drive. Please submit the weekly worksheet every
    Friday.

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