Daud Khan 1045
Daud Khan 1045
Group Members
Abdul Razzaq
Shahbaz Sajjad
Hamza Javeed
Alishba Tanveer
Objects
Bowel elimination
It is also known as defecation . Bowel elimination is natural process
critical to human functioning in which body excretes wastes
products of digestion . OR. Defecation is the act of feces (stool)
Continue
Large intestine (colon ) is about 125 – 150 cm long and it has seven parts : cecum ,
ascending , transverse ,and descending ,sigmoid colon,rectum and anus .
The colon forms the pouches callled haustra . The large intestine is a muscular tube
lined with mucous membrane . The muscles are circular and longitudinal to facilitate
parietals movement.
Characristics of Feces
3. Feces ( Healthy People) soft , brown , moist and firmed , Distinct ordor
Factors affecting the ordor or appearance
Certain foods , Medications, illness or infection
Abnormal Feces
Emotional anxiety
Failure to heed defecation reflex ,
Lack of time and privacy
High carbohydrates and high fat diet
Reduced fluid intake
Immobility and inactivity
Overuse of cathartics narcotics analgesic
Inability to squat because of immobility , musculoskeletal deformity ; pain during
defecation .
Physical Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Bowel incontinence related to facal impaction
Risk for constipation insufficient fiber intake
Continue
Intervations
Cathatics / Laxatives : Drugs that include emptying of the interesting. Habitual
use of laxatives leads to constipation and irregular frequency.
Continue
Enemas : solution introduced into lower lower bowel by way of rectum for the
purpose of removing feces.
Suppositories : bullet shaped substance inserted into the rectum beyond the anal
sphincter where it melts to aid in elimination .
Digital removels – with prolonged retention of feces ,fecal impaction occurs
preventing passege of normal stool . Oil retention enema is given piror to digital
removel of sofften stool .
Anatomy of Renal system
Weight: 150 g
Location : The kidneys are lie on the posterior abdominal wall ,
One on each side of the vertebral column .
Position : It is situated at T 12 - L 3
Longitudinal section of kidneys shows following parts
capsule
Cortex
Medulla
Hilium ( 3)
Urinary system
The urinary system consists of organs that produces and excretes urine from
body.
Urine contians waste : mostly excess water , salts and nitrogen compounds .
Primary organs are kidneys .
Normal adult bladder can store UpTo .5 liters
Also responsible for regulating blood volume and blood pressure.
Regulates electrolytes.
Urine
The formation óf urine has 3 processess , filtration , reabsorption and tubular secretion .
Urine consits of 95 % water and 5 % solid Substances .
The need of urine to urinate is usually felt at 300 – 350 ml of urine in the bladder .
Thypically 1000- 1500ml is voided daily.
Urination
Micturation , voiding ,and urination all refer to the process of emptying the urinary
bladder
Stretch receptors special sensory nerve endings in the bladder wall that is stimulated
when pressure is felt from the collection of urine Adult 250 – 450 ml children 50 – 200ml
Factors affecting voiding
ursinghistory
Voiding Pattern , description of urine for any Channing
Urinary Elimination Problems
Presence of Urinary diversion
Physical assessment ; inspection , palpation , percussion and auscultation
Assessing Urine
Color : transparent
Normal kidney produce urine at the rate of 40 – 60 ml / hour or 1500 -2000ml/ day
Sterility : no microorganisms
Glucose : not present
Continue