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Electron Configurations and The Periodic Table: John W. Moore Conrad L. Stanitski
Electron Configurations and The Periodic Table: John W. Moore Conrad L. Stanitski
Moore
Conrad L. Stanitski
http://academic.cengage.com/chemistry/moore
Chapter 5
Electron Configurations and the
Periodic Table
Stephen C. Foster • Mississippi State University
Electromagnetic Radiation
Oscillating traveling waves Magnetic field
(vacuum) speed
c = 2.997.. x 108 m s-1
wavelength
+
# of crests λ
Frequency (n) =
time
Amplitude
In hertz (Hz) or s-1 (1 Hz = 1 s-1) distance
0
n = c
“top-bottom”
distance -
Electromagnetic Radiation & Matter
EM Radiation Magnetic field
• Oscillating electric and Electric field
magnetic fields.
• Traveling wave.
moves through space like the ripples on a pond.
Amplitude
distance
Amplitude 0
Top to bottom distance.
Increasing T
• Intensity and colors depend on T:
Planck:
• When an atom (or molecule) vibrates its E can only
equal an integer multiple of some minimum E.
• Energy is quantized.
• The smallest packet is a quantum
• Equantum = hnradiation = hc/λradiation
(h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J s)
Planck’s Quantum Theory
Calculate the energy of 1 quantum of green light
emitted by a green laser pointer ( = 532 nm).
Equantum = hradiation
hc
= radiation
Current is measured.
vacuum
window
Anode (+)
The Photoelectric Effect
If λ > threshold (E too low), no e- emission.
• Higher intensity does NOT cause e- emission when
E < threshold !
threshold
High I
(# of ejected e-)
current
low I
increasing E
b) E = hn
E = 6.626 x 10-34 Js (6.63 x 1016 s-1) = 4.39 x 10-17 J
c) E/mol = 4.39 x 10-17 J (6.022 x 1023 mol-1)
= 2.6 x 107 J mol-1
The Photoelectric Effect
BUT light also acts like a wave:
Hydrogen, H
Slit
400 500 600 700
wavelength (nm)
Mercury, Hg
1
E = −RH n = 1, 2, 3. . .
n2
Rydberg constant
2.179 x 10-18 J
-¼RH 2
visible
emission absorption: ΔE > 0, n ↑
emission: ΔE < 0, n ↓
Energy
1
-RH
ultraviolet ultraviolet
Bohr’s model exactly predicts
emission absorption the H-atom spectrum.
Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
For an H-atom transition: ΔE = −RH 1 – 1
nf 2 ni2
n= ΔE = 4.086 x 10 -19
= -34 J x 1014 Hz
6.166
h 6.626 x 10 Js
= c = 2.9979 x 10 8
ms -1
= 4.862 x 10-7 m = 486.2 nm
n 6.166 x 1014 s-1
Beyond Bohr: Quantum Mechanics
Bohr’s model predicts the H-atom:
• emission and absorption spectrum.
• ionization energy.
Why?
• Objects only seen by “light” with λ ≤ object size.
• Electrons are very small. Short λ is required.
• Short λ = high n = high E.
• Energetic collisions alter the speed and direction of
the e-.
Beyond Bohr: Quantum Mechanics
Schrödinger equation (1926):
• Treats e- as standing waves (not particles).
• Developed by analogy to classical equations for
the motion of a guitar string.
• Called “wave mechanics” or “quantum
mechanics”
Explains the structure of all atoms and molecules.
Complicated math; important results.
ℓ = 0, or 1, or 2
Energy
But, E3px = E3py = E3pz
1s
Atoms with More than 1 Electron
number of entries = n = 2ℓ +1 = n2 = 2/orbital = 2n2
Shell (n) Subshell (ℓ) # orbitals Orbitals in shell Max. e- Max. e- in shell
1 s 1 1 2 2
s 1 2
2 p 3 6 8
4
s 1 2
3 p 3 9 6 18
d 5 10
s 1 2
p 3 6
4 16 32
d 5 10
f 7 14
s Orbitals
One s orbital in every shell (n level).
ℓ =0
Spherical.
• Larger n = larger sphere
Probability of finding e- at
distance r from nucleus
1s 2s 3s
ℓ =2
Five d orbitals:
4p
3d
Note:
4s
3p
E3s ≠ E3p ≠ E3d.
3s
2s
2p But,
Energy
Also:
1s
3d is above 4s (but E4s≈ E3d)
Electron Configuration of Main-Group Elements
Add e- to orbitals in increasing E order
• If sets of orbitals have equal E (degenerate) use
Hund’s rule.
Electron configurations
1s 2s 2p Expanded Condensed
H 1s1 1s1
He 1s2 1s2
3p
Li 3s
1s22s1 1s22s1
2p
Be 1s 2s
2 2
1s 2s
2 2 2s
Energy
B 1s22s22p1 1s22s22p1
C 1s22s22p12p1 1s22s22p2
N 1s22s22p12p12p1 1s22s22p3
O 1s22s22p22p12p1 1s22s22p4 1s
F 1s22s22p22p22p1 1s22s22p5
Ne 1s22s22p22p22p2 1s22s22p6
Electron Configuration of Main-Group Elements
Ca
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Electron Configurations of Transition Elements
4th period and heavier elements
• Pick the noble-gas core.
• Add ns
• Add (n – 1)d (d “steps down”)
• Add np
2 s 2 p
3 s 3 p
4 s 3d 3 d 4 p
5 s 4d 4 d 5 p
6 s 5d 4 f 5 d 6 p
7 s 6d 5 f 6 d 7 p
7 7s 7p
6s 6p
6 6d
5s 5p 5d 5f
5
n+ℓ=8
4s 4p 4d 4f
4
n+ℓ=6 n+ℓ=7
3
3s 3p 3d
n+ℓ=4 n+ℓ=5
2s 2p
2
n+ℓ=2 n+ℓ=3
1s
1 n+ℓ=1
Electron Configurations of Transition Metals
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
3d1 4s2 3d2 4s2 3d3 4s2 3d5 4s1 3d5 4s2 3d6 4s2 3d7 4s2 3d8 4s2 3d10 4s1 3d10 4s2
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
4d1 5s2 4d2 5s2 4d4 5s1 4d5 5s1 4d5 5s2 4d7 5s1 4d8 5s1 4d10 4d10 5s1 4d10 5s2
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
5d1 6s2 5d2 6s2 5d3 6s2 5d4 6s2 5d5 6s2 5d6 6s2 5d7 6s2 5d9 6s1 5d10 6s1 5d10 6s2
2 s 2 p
3 s 3 p
4 s 3d 3 d 4 p
Pr
5 s 4d 4 d 5 p
6 s 5d 4 f 5 d 6 p
7 s 6d 5 f 6 d 7 p
Valence Electrons
Gilbert N. Lewis: e- are arranged in shells.
Se 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4
N
Example nitrogen
5 valence e- (group 5A)
Ion Electron Configurations
Similar approach.
Positive ion: remove one e- for each “+”
Negative ion: add one e- for each “-”
S2- (16 + 2) = 18 e-
S [Ne] 3s2 3p4
S2- [Ne] 3s2 3p6 or [Ar]
Rb+ (37 - 1) = 36 e-
Rb[Kr] 5s1
Rb+ [Kr] or [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
Ion Electron Configurations
Isoelectronic = equal number of e-.
add p+ = contract
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
164 147 135 129 137 126 125 125 126 137
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
182 160 147 140 135 134 134 137 144 152
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
188 159 147 141 137 135 136 139 144 155
radius
add e- add to inner (n -1)d in pm
Ne configuration
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1s22s1 1s22s2 1s22s22p1 1s22s22p2 1s22s22p3 1s22s22p4 1s22s22p5 1s22s22p6
IE1 0.52 0.90 0.80 1.09 1.40 1.31 1.68 2.08
IE2 7.30 1.76 2.43 2.35 2.86 3.39 3.37 3.95
IE3 11.81 14.85 3.66 4.62 4.58 5.30 6.05 6.12
IE4 21.01 25.02 6.22 7.48 7.47 8.41 9.37
IE5 32.82 37.83 9.44 10.98 11.02 12.18
IE6 47.28 53.27 13.33 15.16 15.24
IE7 64.37 71.33 17.87 20.00
IE8 Core electrons 84.08 92.04 23.07
IE9 106.43 115.38
IE10 131.43
Periodic Trends: Electron Affinities
Electron Affinity (EA)
E released when an e- adds to a gas-phase atom.
H He
-73 +50
Li Be B C N O F Ne
-60 +50 -27 -122 +70 -141 -328 +120
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Table 5.7 -53 +40 -43 -134 -72 -200 -349 +96
K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
-48 +96 -30 -120 -78 -195 -325 +96
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
-47 -5 -30 -120 -103 -190 -295 +80
Energy, Ions & Ionic Compounds
Ionic compound formation is very exothermic:
K → K+ + e- IE = 419 kJ
[Ne] 4s1 [Ne]
F + e- → F- EA = -328 kJ
[He] 2s2 2p5 [He] 2s2 2p6 = [Ne]
Energy in Ionic Compound Formation
A Born-Haber cycle is useful:
ΔH1 = ΔsubH
ΔH5 =
ΔH2 = ½ Bond E Lattice E