MANAGEMENT

Forest resource management basically comes down to the conservation, restoration, and
promotion of sustainable forest ecosystem use. The drastic and continuing decrease in
world forest area is a serious environmental problem that directly affects human
survival. The management of forest resources should aim to maintain the stability,
health, and the dynamic of forest ecosystems. Interventions must be put in place to
ensure the maintenance of the forest quality, the sustainable production of forest
products, and the preservation of forest rights. Achieving these outcomes can in turn
lead reduction of poverty, economic growth, and upkeep and enhancement of
environmental services.

Some of the sky interventions are as follows:

National and local level governance, institutional issues, and policies
Improvement in forest governance and regulation in the form of enforced legal and regulatory
reform, forest valuation, price setting and taxation, and appropriate trade policies for forest
products can all lead to the fair and sustainable use of forest resources.

Support at the community level for rights and livelihoods

Forests are not only home to flora and fauna, but to the indigenous peoples as well. The tribes
that have lived off the land have had to take care of their home since the beginning, thus their
knowledge, wisdom, and their relentless effort to care for the forests should be respected.

Support for sustainable production of forest products

The promotion of sustainable practices in the production of forest products will go a long way
in ensuring the continued survival of commercially important forest elements.

Creation of interventions for the preservation of environmental services

Instruments that protect the functions of the forest can enhance the environmental services
rendered by it. Establish of protected areas, habitat corridors, and productive landscape are
crucial in the upkeep of forest resources.
 Agricultural Resources
• Recall that agriculture is the breeding and tending of animals, plants, and
fungi for products necessary for the survival of human life. Any natural
landscape that is used in food production is referred to as an agricultural
resources. Tasked with the difficult job for securing food for the world,
significant improvements have made over the past decades such as upgrades
in techniques and practices of growing and harvesting crops and fishery
products.
 table 5.1 Major Crops Grown in the Philippines and Their Uses
NATIONAL GREENING PROGRAM (NGP)
 To counter the depletion of forest cover the
government has embarked on an ambitious Crops Uses in the Philippine Selling
National Greening Program of the DENR in this
Manila hump/abaca Major export crop commodity major source of
program, a targeted 1.5 billion trees were grown livelihood especially for women
in 1.5 Hectares nationwide between 2011 to 2016 (Musa Textilis)
50% of the trees planted were for timber Mango(Mangifera Export crop commodity
production and protection while the other 50%
indica)
were comprised of agroforestry species.
Pineapple(Ananas Export crop commodity/ fiber source for
comusos) nature cloth
Division of the Department of Rubber(Hevea Industrial crop commodity
Agriculture( All caps) Brasiliensis)

 Bureau of Animal industry

Peanut( arachis Used as snacks and food ingredient
 Bureau of Plant industry hypogaea)
 Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Mungbean(Vigna Most important food legume for food in
 Agricultural Training Institute
 Bureau of Agricultural and Fishery Standards
radiata) the Philippines
 Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
 Bureau of Agricultural Research
 Bureau of Soils and Water Management
FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE THREATS TO AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES
ORGANIZATION OF
THE UNITED NATIONS
(FAO) SOIL EROSION
Agricultural soil is vulnerable to soil erosion as they have little protection from the action of
 In 1943, forty-four wind and rain. During dry periods or after harvest when the soil is least porous, the slow rate of
governments met in the US water absorption leads to increased runoff.
and committed themselves to
found a permanent SOIL SALINITY
organization for food and
Excess salts contaminating soil could result from irrigation to croplands. As Irrigation water
agriculture-hence the birth of
flow over and through the ground, it dissolves salts, increasing the salinity of the water. Such
the FAO, Formalized in the first
accumulation of salts is called salinization. Salt build-up stunts crop growth decreases yields,
FAO conference in 1945.
and eventually kills crop plants, making the land unproductive.

HABITAT DESTRUCTION
Agricultural biodiversity is threatened by the destruction of the environment that serves as
their natural habitat. Urbanization and industrialization brings about the destruction of many
natural habitats of plant species including the major and minor agricultural crops.
 DESTRUCTIVE PESTS AND DISEASES
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE Pest and disease infestations threaten the agrobiodiversity in the Philippines. Pests such as the
fruit and shoot borer in eggplants as well as diseases caused by viruses like the papaya ring
 The term used to be spot virus, and citrus Tristeza virus have led to loss in species diversity of some crops.
synonymous with Bananas are currently under threat by infestations of corm weevil, banana bunchy top virus,
organic farming, which
banana mosaic virus, and shigatoka disease. Manila hemp is also affected by banana bunchy
was a trendy program to
and mosaic viruses.
grow crops without
using chemicals, more
recently, the definition
has broadened to
include efforts to curb
soil erosion by
MANAGEMENT
modifying plowing In many areas of the world, food productivity is falling and environmental quality is deteriorating as
techniques; to protect
human populations expand and inappropriate development exceeds the capacity to cope. Agriculture
the water supply by
depends on land, water and biodiversity but the ecological management of these resource bases has not
minimizing, if not
been fully recognized. Instead, emphasis has been on the creation of hybrid seeds, chemicals, and
eliminating the use of
irregation to increase agricultural output. The drawback of increasing yields through these methods is
agriculture chemicals
the disruption of the ecological cycles including degration of soil and water systems.
such as fertilizers and
pesticides.
 Preserving genetic diversity
 Diversification rather than intensification should be the strategy for sustainable agriculture. Diversity reflects
ecological and cultural diversity. Only diversity can allow sustainability as it ensures the survival of diverse food
cultures on this planet.

Integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated cultural management (ICM)

 The best way to control crop pests is through using a carefully designed IPM program. The approach is based
on the ecological system where the crops and the pests divers (the agroecosystem).

Developing higher-yield plant and animal varieties

 Efforts at various international agricultural centers are geared towards the development of low-input, but
high-yielding varieties of agricultural crops.

Soil enrichment programs

 To maintain soil fertility, use of organic and commercial inorganic fertilizers can be applied to soil to partially restore
and maintain plant nutrients lost by erosion, leading and crop harvesting and increasing copy yields.
BANAUE RICE TERRACES

 The Banaue Rice Terraces in Benguet, Philippines have been renowned worldwide for their beautiful
aesthetics and high yield. In 1995, the terraces was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, First,
carving occurred 2,000 years ago, the stone and mud rice terraces that enhance the region rugged natural
beauty, now span the contours of the Cordillera Mountains, the home of Ifugao people. This is the perfect
example of a sustainable relationship between humans and their environment .
 The five inscribed clusters are:
i. The Nagacadan terrace cluster in the municipality of kiangan, a rice terrace cluster manifested in two distinct ascending
rows of terraces bisected by a river;
ii. The Hungduan terrace cluster that uniquely emerges into a spider web;
iii. The central mayoyao terrace cluster which is characterized by terraces interspersed with traditional farmers’ bale
(houses) and alang (granaries);
iv. The Bangaan terrace cluster in the municipality of Banaue that backdrops a typical Ifugao traditional village; and
v. The batad terrace cluster of the municipality of Banaue that is nestled in amphitratre-like semi-sircular terrace with a
village at its base.

The terrace was designed to maximize soil conservation and to prevent the rapid surface runoff of irritation
water as much as possible. Originally made from stone and mud wells, the terrace could hold flooded pond
fields ideal for the cultivation of rice. Irrigation was also maximized by harvesting water from the mountaintop
forests – a reflection of mastery of engineering dating back to two millinnia.
Water Resources
Water is a vital renewable resource that is recycled continuously through the water cycle. Saltwater is essential to marine life and helps
maintain the earth’s climate, but it cannot be used for drinking, for growing crops, or for most industrial activities, due to high salinity.

FOSSIL AQUIFERS
 Ancient aquifers or The world’s freshwater
“fossil aquifers” are supply depends on a natural
finite freshwater
recycling and purification
reservoirs trapped
underground eons
process. Potable water is
ago. Some, “fossil available provided humans
aquifers “ are often do not pollute water faster
found deep than it is replenished,
underground, get a overload it with slowly
very little recharge, degradable and
and are
nondegradable wastes, or
nonrenewable
resources on a
withdraw it from slowly
human time scale. renewable underground
Withdraws from deposits faster than it is
these deposits replenished.
amount to “ water- The two resources of freshwater are surface water and
mining”, eventually
groundwater. Precipitation that does not infiltrate into the ground
depleting these one-
time deposits of or return to the atmosphere by evaporation or transpiration is
earth capital. called Surface Water. Streams, Lakes, Wetlands, and reservoirs
are examples of surface water. Precipitation that seeps into the
ground and fills the pores in soil and rocks in the earth’s crust is
called Groundwater.
BENEFICIAL USES OF WATER

 For domestic purposes –

Drinking, Washing, Bathing,
Cooking, Gardening.
 For Municipal purposes –
Supplying water needs of the
community
 For irrigation – producing
agricultural crops
 For power generation –
producing electrical or
mechanical power
 For fisheries – propagating
commercial fish cultures
 For industry–supporting
factories, plants, and mines
 For recreation – swimming pools,
bathhouses, boating, water
skiing, etc.