Work, Energy and Power

CHAPTER 5 - WORK AND
ENERGY
The Ninja, a roller coaster at Six Flags over
Georgia, has a height of 122 ft and a speed of
52 mi/h. The potential energy due to its
height changes into kinetic energy of motion.
OBJECTIVES: AFTER COMPLETING
THIS MODULE, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE
TO:
• Define kinetic energy and potential energy, along
with the appropriate units in each system.
• Describe the relationship between work and
kinetic energy, and apply the WORK-ENERGY
THEOREM.
• Define and apply the concept of POWER, along
with the appropriate units.
WORK
• Doing work involves applying a force to an object while moving it
at a given distance.
WORK
WORK
•No work is done on a
bucket when it is moved
horizontally because the
applied force F is
perpendicular to the
displacement.
WORK
•The student does positive
work when he lifts the box,
because the applied force F is
in the same direction as the
displacement.
•When he lowers the box to the
floor, he does negative work.
WORK
Energy
Energy is anything that can be con-
verted into work; i.e., anything that can
exert a force through a distance.
distance
Energy is the capability for doing work.

POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential Energy: Ability to do work by
virtue of position or condition.
condition
A suspended weight A stretched bow

EXAMPLE PROBLEM: WHAT IS THE
POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A 50-KG PERSON IN
A SKYSCRAPER IF HE IS 480 M ABOVE THE
STREET BELOW?
Gravitational Potential Energy

What is the P.E. of a 50-kg
person at a height of 480 m?
U = mgh = (50 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(480 m)
U = 235 kJ
KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic Energy: Ability to do work by
virtue of motion. (Mass with velocity)
A speeding car or
a space rocket
EXAMPLES OF KINETIC
What is the kineticENERGY
energy of a 5-g bullet
traveling at 200 m/s?
5g 2 2
K  mv  (0.005 kg)(200 m/s)
1
2
1
2
200 m/s K = 100 J

What is the kinetic energy of a 1000-kg
car traveling at 14.1 m/s?
K  12 mv 2  12 (1000 kg)(14.1 m/s)2
K = 99.4 KJ
WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
A resultant force changes the velocity of an
object and does work on that object.
v x vf
o
F F
m m
2 2
v v
f 0
Work  Fx  ( ma ) x ; a
2x
2 2
Work  mv  mv
1
2 f
1
2 0
THE WORK-ENERGY
THEOREM
Work is equal 2 2
to the change Work  mv  mv
1
2 f
1
2 0
in ½mv2
If we define kinetic energy as ½mv2 then we
can state a very important physical principle:
The Work-Energy Theorem: The work

done by a resultant force is equal to the
change in kinetic energy that it produces.
Example 1: A 20-g projectile strikes a mud bank,
penetrating a distance of 6 cm before stopping. Find
the stopping force F if the entrance velocity is 80 m/s.
80 m/s 6 cm
0 x
Work = ½ mvf2 - ½ mvo2
F x = - ½ mvo2 F=?
F (0.06 m) cos 1800 = - ½ (0.02 kg)(80 m/s)2
F (0.06 m)(-1) = -64 J F = 1067 N
Work to stop bullet = change in K.E. for bullet

EXAMPLE 2: A BUS SLAMS ON BRAKES TO AVOID AN
ACCIDENT. THE TREAD MARKS OF THE TIRES ARE 80 M
LONG. IF K = 0.7, WHAT WAS THE SPEED BEFORE
APPLYING BRAKES?
Work = K
Work = F(cos ) x 25 m
f = k.n = k mg f
Work = - k mg x 0
K = ½ mvf2 - ½ mvo2
K = Work
-½ mvo2 = -k mg x vo = 2kgx
vo = 2(0.7)(9.8 m/s2)(25 m) vo = 59.9 ft/s

CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
mgh + ½ mv2 = constant

Gravitational Kinetic energy
Potential energy
If gravity is the only force that does work:
PE + KE = constant
Energy is conserved
FREE FALL
height
t = 0s 80m
V0 = 0
t = 1s 75m
V1 = 10m/s
60m
t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s
t = 3s 35m
V3 = 30m/s
t = 4s
0m
V4 = 40m/s
M=1KG FREE FALLS FROM 80M
t = 0s mgh ½ mv2 sum
V0 = 0 h0=80m 800J 0 800J
t = 1s
V1 = 10m/s; h1=75m 750J 50J 800J
t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s; h2=60m 600J 200J 800J
t = 3s
V3 = 30m/s; h3=35m 350J 450J 800J
t = 4s
V4 = 40m/s; h4=0 0 800J 800J
PENDULUM
W=mg
Two forces: T and W
T is always
┴ to the motion
(& does no work)
PENDULUM
CONSERVES ENERGY
E=mghmax E=mghmax
hmax
E=1/2 m(vmax)2
ROLLER COASTER
POWER
Power is defined as the rate at which
work is done: (P = dW/dt )
t
F
m
4s 10 kg
mg
20 m
P  490 J/s or 490 watts (W)
Power of 1 W is work done at rate of 1 J/s

UNITS OF POWER
One watt (W) is work done at the rate of
one joule per second.
1 W = 1 J/s and 1 kW = 1000 W
One ft lb/s is an older (USCS) unit of power.

One horsepower is work done at the rate of
550 ft lb/s. ( 1 hp = 550 ft lb/s )
(1hp = 746 W)
EXAMPLE OF POWER
What power is consumed in lifting
a 70-kg robber 1.6 m in 0.50 s?
Fh mgh
P 
t t
2
(70 kg)(9.8 m/s )(1.6 m)
P
0.50 s
Power Consumed: P = 2220 W

EXAMPLE 4: A 100-KG CHEETAH MOVES
FROM REST TO 30 M/S IN 4 S. WHAT IS THE
POWER?
Recognize that work is equal to
the change in kinetic energy:
2 2 Work
Work  mv  mv
1
2 f
1
2 0 P
t m = 100 kg
1
2 mv 2f (100 kg)(30 m/s) 2
1
P  2
t 4s
Power Consumed: P = 1.22 kW

POWER AND VELOCITY
Recall that average or constant velocity is
distance covered per unit of time v = x/t.
Fx x
P= =F P  Fv
t t
If power varies with time, then calculus is
needed to integrate over time. (Optional)
Since P = dW/dt: Work   P (t ) dt

EXAMPLE 5: WHAT
POWER IS REQUIRED TO
LIFT A 900-KG ELEVATOR v = 4 m/s
AT A CONSTANT SPEED OF
4 M/S?
P = F v = mg v
P = (900 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(4 m/s)
P = 35.3 kW
EXAMPLE 6: WHAT WORK IS DONE
BY A 4-HP MOWER IN ONE HOUR? THE
CONVERSION FACTOR IS NEEDED: 1 HP
= 550 FT LB/S.
 550ft  lb/s 
4hp    2200 ft  lb/s
 1hp 
Work
P ; Work  Pt
t
Work  (2200ft  lb/s)(60s)
Work = 132,000 ft lb
SUMMARY
The Work-Energy Theorem: The work done by

a resultant force is equal to the change in
kinetic energy that it produces.
Work = ½ mvf2 - ½ mvo2

SUMMARY (CONT.)
P= F v
Power of 1 W is work done at rate of 1 J/s

Work, Energy and Power

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Work, Energy and Power

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CHAPTER 5 - WORK AND

Energy is the capability for doing work.

A suspended weight A stretched bow

Gravitational Potential Energy

200 m/s K = 100 J

The Work-Energy Theorem: The work

F (0.06 m) cos 1800 = - ½ (0.02 kg)(80 m/s)2

F (0.06 m)(-1) = -64 J F = 1067 N

Work to stop bullet = change in K.E. for bullet

vo = 2(0.7)(9.8 m/s2)(25 m) vo = 59.9 ft/s

mgh + ½ mv2 = constant

If gravity is the only force that does work:

Two forces: T and W

P  490 J/s or 490 watts (W)

Power of 1 W is work done at rate of 1 J/s

One ft lb/s is an older (USCS) unit of power.

Power Consumed: P = 2220 W

Power Consumed: P = 1.22 kW

Since P = dW/dt: Work   P (t ) dt

The Work-Energy Theorem: The work done by

Work = ½ mvf2 - ½ mvo2

Power of 1 W is work done at rate of 1 J/s

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