Endogenic Processes 1

Earth’s Processes:
ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Exogenic/Endogenic Systems
The EXOGENIC PROCESSES ARE:
WEATHERING, EROSION, TRANSPORTATION,
DEPOSITION and Mass Wasting. They are
energy-atmosphere and water-weather systems
activated. These occur at or near the surface of
the Earth.
The ENDOGENIC PROCESSES, include
TECTONIC Processes and VULCANISM.
Endogenic Processes
• The ground we live on is moving all the time.
Endogenic Forces, are Forces within the earth that
cause the ground to move. Rock layers at the surface
of the earth are broken, twisted and shaken when the
ground moves. Land is destroyed in many places and
created in other places. When the land is shaped by
endogenic Forces we call this endogenic processes.
• There are 3 main endogenic processes: folding,

faulting and vulcanicity. They take place mainly along
the plate boundaries, which are the zones that are
not stable. Endogenic processes cause many major
landform features.
Tectonics- is the study of the processes
that deform the Earth’s crust- how and what
causes these deformation.
Continental Drift and the Plate Tectonic Theory
•In 1915, the German geologist and meteorologist
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental
drift,
which states that parts of the
Earth's crust slowly drift atop
a liquid core. The fossil record,
as well as earthquakes support and give credence to
the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics.
Evidences that gives support to the
Continental Drift and Plate Tectonic Theory:
1.fossil record
2. earthquakes
All major interactions among individual

plates occur along their boundaries.
Convergent Boundary- two
plates move toward each other.
Convergent Boundary
Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
Convergent Boundary
Continental-continental Convergence
Divergent Boundary- when two
plates move away from each other.
Most divergent boundaries occur along the crest of the oceanic ridges causing
upwelling of magma due to seafloor spreading.
Seafloor spreading
• Seafloor spreading happens along the
boundaries of tectonic plates that are
moving apart from each other. These
areas are called mid-ocean ridges. New
seafloor is created at the bottom, or rift, of
a mid-ocean ridge. Ocean basins that
have mid-ocean ridges are expanding.
The Atlantic basin, for instance, is
expanding because of seafloor spreading.
Evolution of Ocean basin
Oceanic basins are the result of tectonic forces and processes. All of the ocean
basins were formed from volcanic rock that was released from fissures located at
the mid-oceanic ridges.
Transform Plate Boundary- when
two plates slide past each other.
• Tectonic forces come in three types:
tensional stress, compressional stress and
shearing stress.
• Likewise, tectonic processes come in three
types based on the types of tectonic forces:
 folding ( rocks are pushed toward each
other)
Faulting ( rocks are fractured and brittles
are displaced)
Shearing ( rocks are cleaved off )
Foldin
g
 Folding is one of the endogenic processes. When two
forces push towards each other from opposite sides, the
rock layers will bend into folds. The process by which
folds are formed are due to compressional forces known as
folding.
There are large-scale and small-scale folds. Large-scale
folds are found mainly along destructive plate boundaries.
Fold in mountain showing the upward

arching ( anticline) downward arching
(syncline).
Faulting
• Faulting is the fracturing and displacement of more brittle
rock strata along a fault plane either caused by tension or
compression.
• A break in rock along which a vertical or horizontal rock
movement has occurred is called a fault.
• The process of forming a fault is faulting.
• The line of fault which appears on land surface is known as
fault line. These lines are often lines of weakness which allow
molten rock to rise up onto the earth surface when there is
active volcanic activity nearby.
• There are three types of fault which are caused by
different endogenetic forces:
- Normal fault
- Reverse fault
- Tear fault
• Faulting forms two major landforms - block mountains and
rift valleys.
Types of faults
Volcanism and Plutonism
• Vulcanicity (also known as volcanic activity or igneous
activity) is one of the endogenic processes.
• Magma beneath the crust is under very great
pressure. When folding and faulting occur, cracks or
fractures which are lines of weakness. When these
lines of weakness develop downward in the crust and
reach the magma, they will release the pressure in
the magma.
• This allows magma to rise up along the lines of
weakness and intrude into the crust. Some magma
may even reach the earth's surface.
• There are two types of vulcanicity: intrusive
vulcanicity and extrusive vulcanicity.
• Plutonism happens when formation of intrusive igneous
rock by solidification of magma occurs beneath the
earth's surface.
• What is the
relationship between
volcanic activity and
tectonics?
• Active volcanoes lie
along subduction zones.
Map of active volcanoes, plate tectonics, and the
“Ring of Fire”
Volcanoes Around the world
South
Africa
America
13%
11% Antarctica
2%
North
America
27%
Europe Asia
4% 37%
Australia
6%
How do volcanoes work?
• Heat and pressure cause rocks to melt and form magma.
• Magma needs to get out, too much pressure!!!!!!
• Rise in temperature or drop in pressure causes magma to form
faster.
How do volcanoes work?
• Magma is forced
onto Earth’s
surface.
• It dries and
hardens, this
happens many
times over
thousands of years.
• Eventually a
mountain called a
volcano is formed.
Parts of a Volcano
• Most volcanoes share a
specific set of features.
• The magma that feeds the

eruptions pools deep
underground in a structure
called a magma chamber.
• At Earth’s surface, lava is

released through openings
called vents.
• Flowing lava in the interior
travels through long,
pipelike structures known
as lava tubes.
Parts of Volcanoes
Crater
Lava
Side Vent
Main Vent
Where do most volcanoes occur?
• Volcanoes occur at both
divergent and convergent
boundaries and also at hot
spots.
Magma does not form everywhere. It forms in
subduction zones, hot spots/mantle plumes.
Magma production at the subduction zones occur due to the
following conditions:
1.Increased temperature due to friction-Friction heats
rocks as one plate moves downward. The additional heat
contributes to melting.
2.Addition of water to the asthenosphere- a subducting
plate is covered by oceanic crust which is soaked in seawater.
As the soaked oceanic crust dives into the mantle, the water
boils to generate steam. The addition of hot water melts
portions of the asthenosphere, forming large quantities of
magma.
3.Pressure-relief melting- Melting due to pressure relief
happens when rocks in the asthenosphere flow upward when a
subducting plate descends.
Why do we have different types of
Volcanoes?
• The process of magma formation is different
at each type of plate boundary.
Therefore, the composition of magma differs

in each tectonic setting.
• Tectonic settings determine the types of

volcanoes that form and the types of
eruptions that take place.
Volcanoes at Divergent Boundaries
• At a divergent boundary, the lithosphere becomes
thinner as two plates pull away from each other.
• A set of deep cracks form in an area called a rift zone.
• Hot mantle rock rises to fill these cracks.

• As the rock rises, a decrease in pressure causes hot
mantle rock to melt and form magma.
• The magma that reaches Earth’s surface is called lava.
Basaltic magma rises to Earth’s surface through these

fissures and erupts nonexplosively
Types of volcanoes
Types of volcanoes
• Shield volcano: usually form at hot spots,
from non explosive eruptions
• Cinder cone volcano: form from explosive
eruptions, very steep.
• Composite volcano: form from both
explosive and non explosive eruptions.
Shield volcano
• Form from many layers of “runny” lava.

• Very wide, not too steep.
• Biggest type of volcanoes
• Tallest mountain in the world is Mauna Kea
(measures from sea floor to top).
• non explosive eruptions
Mauna Kea, Hawaii
Cinder cone volcano
• Smallest type of volcano
• Most common
• Made from pyroclastic material (material
shot out of a volcano)
• Form a large crater
• Explosive!
Taal Volcano
Mt. Iraya- cinder cone volcano
Paricutin, Mexico
Composite volcano:
• Eruptions alternate between explosive and
non-explosive.
• Sometimes they have runny lava layers,
other times they have pyroclastic materials
form layers.
• Have a wide base and steep sides.
• Have a crater
• Mt. Mayon & Mount Fuji
Mt. Mayon- a composite volcano
Mount Fuji
2 Types of eruptions
• Explosive: volcanoes
that build enough
pressure to blow its top,
sending pyroclastic
material into the air.
• Non explosive: Build

only enough pressure to
allow lava to run down
its sides.
Non explosive eruption
• Mafic: refers to rocks and magma rich in
iron and magnesium.
• This type of lava is very runny.
• As magma nears the surface there is little
pressure, causing gasses escape easily.
• Magma low in Silica have quiet eruptions
Explosive eruptions
• Felsic: means magma with high silica and
feldspar content.
• Felsic magma traps water and gas
bubbles, which leads to lots of pressure.
• Silica acts like a cork.
Explosive eruptions are caused by a build
up of high pressure.
• Convergent zones contain lots of water,
therefore have explosive eruptions.
Pyroclastic materials
Material that is thrown into the air during
an explosion, which includes:
•Volcanic bombs: large blobs of magma that
harden in the air.
•Lapilli: pebble size rocks
•Volcanic ash: tiny powder like material
Four types of lava
• Aa: lava that is thick and sharp
• Pahoehoe: lava that forms thin crust and
wrinkles
• Pillow lava: lava that erupts under water,
has a round shape
• Blocky lava: cooler, lava that does not
travel far from eruption, jagged when it
dries.
Aa
• lava that is thick and sharp
Pahoehoe:
• lava that forms thin

crust and wrinkles
Pillow lava
• lava that erupts under
water, has a round
shape
Blocky lava
• cooler, lava that does
not travel far from
eruption, jagged when
it dries.
Diagram of Earth’s Crust
• Earth’s surface is constantly changing.
There are processes involved in
sculpturing Earth’s surface, such as
folding, faulting and volcanic activity.
• They are called the ENDOGENIC
PROCESS.

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Earth’s Processes:

• There are 3 main endogenic processes: folding,

All major interactions among individual

Fold in mountain showing the upward

• The magma that feeds the

• At Earth’s surface, lava is

Therefore, the composition of magma differs

• Tectonic settings determine the types of

• A set of deep cracks form in an area called a rift zone.

• Hot mantle rock rises to fill these cracks.

• The magma that reaches Earth’s surface is called lava.

Basaltic magma rises to Earth’s surface through these

• Form from many layers of “runny” lava.

• Non explosive: Build

• lava that forms thin

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