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Sports Physiology
Sports Physiology
INTRODUCTION
•There are few stresses to which the body is exposed that approach the
extreme stresses of heavy exercise. In fact, if some of the extremes of
exercise were continued for even moderately prolonged periods, they
might be lethal.
•Exercise physiology is defined as the study of alteration in functioning of
cells and organs due to muscular activity.
•Differences in functioning of cells & organs during athletic activity depend
on gender.
•Male athletes have greater muscle strength to greater
protein
due deposition than female ( more fat deposition).
•This is due to hormones- testosterone & estrogen.
Muscles in Exercise
Strength, Power, and Endurance of Muscles
1. STRENGTH:
CONTRACTILE STRENGTH:
It is the strength of muscle when it is contracting or force produced
when the muscle contracts.
Depend upon its size.
maximal contractile force between 3 and 4 kg/cm2 of muscle cross-
sectional area.
Thus, a man who is well supplied with testosterone or who has
enlarged his muscles through an exercise training program will have
correspondingly increased muscle strength.
HOLDING STRENGTH:
It is the force generated while stretching a contracted muscle.
It is approx. 40% greater than contractile strength.
2. POWER OF THE MUSCLE:
It is the work done by it in a unit time & calculated by amount of force
applied by the muscle multiplied by the distance over which the force is
applied.
Power of muscle depends upon 3 factors- muscle strength, force of
contraction & frequency of contraction.
Muscle power is generally measured in kilogram meters (kg-m) per
minute.
3. ENDURANCE OF MUSCLE:
Capacity to withstand the power produced by muscle during activity.
Depends on type of diet a person takes.
MUSCLE METABOLIC SYSTEMS IN EXERCISE
1. Phosphocreatine- Creatine system
2. Glycogen- Lactic acid system
3. Aerobic system
BLOOD GASES:
Remain normal even at maximum exercise.
EFFECT OF SMOKING:
1. nicotine is constriction of the terminal bronchioles of the lungs, which
increases the resistance of airflow into and out of the lungs.
2. irritating effects of the smoke cause increased fluid secretion into the
bronchial tree, as well as some swelling of the epithelial linings.
3. nicotine paralyzes the cilia on the surfaces of the respiratory epithelial
cells that normally beat continuously to remove excess fluids
and
foreign particles from the respiratory passageways.
As a result, much debris accumulates in the passageways and adds further
to the difficulty of breathing. After putting all these factors together,
even a light smoker often feels respiratory strain during maximal
exercise, and the level of performance may be reduced.
In chronic smokers, emphysema causes obstruction of terminal
bronchioles, chronic bronchitis and severe damage to the alveolar
walls.
Straining of RS even on slight exercise.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN EXERCISE
Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide and lactic acid to and away
from tissues.
During exercise, blood carries nutrients to the tissues for maintaining
their movement & removal of wastes- lactic acid.
Exercise induced CVS changes:
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW:
During exercise, there
will a drastic increase.
Each muscle
contraction shows an
Due to contraction, there will be a temporary decrease in blood flow
because the contracting muscle compress the blood vessels.
Inadequate supply of nutrients and oxygen
Rapid contractions of muscles leads to fatigue
Rapid pumping of blood helps in rapid supply of required O2 and
nutrients to the muscles.
Blood flow can increase up to 25 times ( normal – 3.6ml/100g
muscle/min to 90ml/100g muscle/min) due to intra muscular
vasodilation & increase in arterial BP (30%)
WORK OUTPUT, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION & CO DURING EXCERCISE
Related linearly as work output enhances O2 consumption
which
dilates the BV thus enhancing venous return & CO.
4 times increase in untrained person
6 times increase in trained marathoners
EFFECT OF TRAINING ON HEART HYPERTROPHY & CO
In Marathoners, there will e 40% increase in CO than untrained person
due to enlargement of heart chambers up to 40% leading to increase in
HR to 40% or more- heart hypertrophy
This occurs only during endurance training.
CO is same in untrained & athlete with cardiac hypertrophy.
Stroke volume is increased & HR is decreased.
RELATION OF CVS TO VO2 Max:
During strenuous exercise HR & SV increase up to 95% which increase
CO by 90%
This is in contrast to 65% increase in pulmonary ventilation.
CVS exert limited effect on VO2 max compared to RS as O2 used by the
body can never be more than the rate of O2 supply by CVS.
Enhanced ability to perform dependent on performance capacility of
the heart.
EFFECT OF HEART DISEASE & OLD AGE ON ATHELETES:
Heart disease reduced CO & muscle power.
In Old age, maximum CO is reduced 50% by age 80 from 18yrs
Maximum breathing capacity decreases along with decrease in skeletal
mass.
BODY HEAT IN EXERCISE
Energy released by metabolism of nutrients, muscle contraction finally
convert into heat.
Energy efficiency for conversion to muscle is only 20-25%.
Only some energy is used in muscle movements & blood flow,
remaining is converted into body heat.
Heat released in the body is proportional to O2 consumption by the
body.
During endurance, large amount of heat is released in the body tissue.
On a hot humid day. Sweating may not be able to eliminate body heat
in athletes resulting in large amounts of heat retention in the body-
HEAT STROKE ( SUN STROKE)
BODY HEAT IN EXERCISE
The body temperature may rise from normal 98.6F to 102/ 103F while
endurance.
On a hot humid day with excessive clothing- 106 to 108F
Results in exhaustion, extreme weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache,
profuse sweating finally leads to unconsciousness.
Thermoregulatory mechanism fails during this condition.
Fatal if not treated immediately.
Removal of clothing, sponging with cool water,, blowing air over the
body & immersing the body in water containing crushed ice.
BODY FLUIDS & SALTS IN EXCERCISE
Athletes in endurance events can lose 5-10 pounds weight/hr on a hot
humid day due to sweating.
Sweating decrease 3% of body wt can hinder the performance; 5-10%
decrease body weight is harmful to individual leading to nausea,
muscle cramps.
Lost Fluids should be replaced before the condition becomes critical.
Replacement of NaCl & KCl:
Athletic training prior the event in hot & humid conditions for a period
of 1-2 weeks acclimatizes the person due to enhanced secretion of
aldosterone.
Loss of K+ during heat acclimatization takes place. Thus athletes should
be given K+ supplements( fruit juices) containing appropriate Na+ & K+.
DRUGS & ATHLETES
1. Anabolic steroids/ androgens-
Possess both anabolic & androgenic properties.
At high dose increases muscle strength & body mass
Help in maintaining higher intensity & volume of training, speeding up
the recovery process between the training sessions.
Eg: Methandrostenolone, oxymetholone, ethylestrenol, nandrolone
2. Testosterone precurssors:
Help in endogenous synthesis of testosterone and norandrostenediol
Not effective as androgens
Eg: androstedione, deydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenediol
3. Masking agents:
To avoid a positive test for drug abuse.
Eg: diuretics, epitestosterone
Epitestosterone- Bring testosterone & epitestosterone ratio within legal
limits to pass the drug test.
4. Blood doping
Enhance VO2 max and performance of endurance events.
Enhance the no.of RBC/unit volume of blood which help in greater
availability of O2 muscle during exercise.
5. CNS stimulants:
Alertness, enhanced mental acuity, thermogenesis which help in
enhancement of performance.
Ephedrine: has strong thermogenic effect result in body fat.
Citrus Aurantium: suppress appetite, increase rate of metabolism
&
lipolysis.
Modafinil: delays exhaustion time by alertness and
maintaining
cognitive performance even in sleep deprivation.
6. Growth hormone:
Increase anabolic effect & decrease body fat.
T1/2 – approx 20min – widely used.
7.Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs)
Anabolic effects
Eg: aryl propionamides, tricyclics.