Circulatory System

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
TOPICS
• BLOOD
• HEART
• BLOOD CIRCULATION
• BLOOD VESSELS
• CARDIAC CYCLE
• HEART SOUND
• THE PULSE
• BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION
BLOOD
• IS A CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPOSED OF A LIQUID MATRIX CALLED PLASMA

• FUNCTIONS
• TRANSPORTATION OF OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, NUTRIENTS, HORMONES, HEAT, AND
WASTE
• REGULATION OF PH, BODY TEMPERATURE, AND WATER CONTENT OF THE CELLS
• PROTECTION AGAINST BLOOD LOSS THROUGH CLOTTING, AND AGAINST DISEASE
THROUGH PHAGOCYTIC WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND ANTIBODIES.
COMPONENTS OF HUMAN BLOOD
AVERAGE-SIZED ADULT HAS 4 TO 6 LITERS OF BLOOD

AMOUNT DEPENDS ON:
 SIZE OF PERSON
 AMOUNT OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
 CONCENTRATIONS OF IONS
 FEMALES HAVE LESS THAN MALES
BLOOD TYPES
• TYPES ARE DISTINGUISHED

BY ANTIGEN AND
ANTIBODIES
• AGGLUTINATION
• CLUMPING OF RED BLOOD
CELLS
• ANTIGENS ON SURFACE OF 27-8
RBCS BIND TO ANTIBODIES IN

BLOOD TYPES (CONT.)
Blood Type Antigen Antibody Blood That Can

Present Present Be Received
A A B A and O
B B A B and O
AB AB None A, B, AB, and O
O None A and B O
27-9
BLOOD TYPES
• RH ANTIGEN – PROTEIN ON RBCS • IF RH-POSITIVE BLOOD IS GIVEN TO

RH-NEGATIVE PERSON
• ANTIBODIES FORM
• RH-POSITIVE
• RBCS CONTAIN THE
RH ANTIGEN • IF RH-NEGATIVE PERSON RECEIVES
MORE RH-POSITIVE BLOOD
• ANTIBODIES BIND TO THE DONOR
• RH-NEGATIVE CELLS
• RBCS DO NOT CONTAIN THE RH • AGGLUTINATION OCCURS
ANTIGEN
ANTI -A ANTI -B
TYPE O (no
clumping)
TYPE B
TYPE A
TYPE AB
HEMATOCRIT OR PCV
HEMATOCRIT
• PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV) - IS THE VOLUME OF THE BLOOD MADE ONLY BY
THE BLOOD CELLS PER 100 ML OF BLOOD.
• IS ROUTINELY DETERMINED IF ANEMIA IS SUSPECTED
• THE TWO MAIN PARTS OF BLOOD ARE THE PLASMA (WHICH CONSTITUTE ON
AVERAGE ABOUT 55% OF THE BLOOD VOLUME) AND THE BLOOD CELLS (WHICH
CONSTITUTE ABOUT THE 45% OF THE BLOOD VOLUME).
RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
• NORMAL RBCS, ARE BICONCAVE DISCS, THEIR SHAPE OF CAN CHANGE

REMARKABLY AS THEY SQUEEZE THROUGH CAPILLARIES.
• IN HEALTHY MEN, THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF RBCS PER CUBIC MILLIMETER IS

5,200,000 (±300,000)
• IN WOMEN, ITS 4,700,000 (±300,000).
• LIFE SPAN OF RBC IS ABOUT 120 DAYS.
• THE RED BLOOD CELLS ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT CELL IN THE BLOOD AND THE
VALUE OF THE P.C.V REFLECTS THE VOLUME OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS.
STEPS IN HEMATOCRIT DETERMINATION
1. CLEAN THE THUMB WITH ALCOHOL SOAKED COTTON AND PUNCTURE IT.
2. ALLOW THE BLOOD TO ENTER THE CAPILLARY TUBE BY CAPILLARY
ATTRACTION LEAVING AT LEAST 15 MM UNFILLED (OR FILL ABOUT 80% OF THE
TUBE WITH BLOOD).
3. SEAL ONE END OF THE CAPILLARY TUBE BY SEALING CLAY.
4. SPIN THE CAPILLARY TUBE IN A MICRO-CENTRIFUGE FOR 5 MINUTES AT ABOUT

10000 RPM.
THE HEART
• A CONE-SHAPED ORGAN APPROXIMATELY THE SIZE OF A FIST, LOCATED WITHIN

THE MEDIASTINUM OF THE THORAX.
• FLANKED LATERALLY BY THE LINGS, POSTERIORLY BY THE VERTEBRAL
COLUMN, AND ANTERIORLY BY THE STERNUM.
• THE MORE POINTED APEX EXTENDS SLIGHTLY TO THE LEFT AND RESTS ON THE
DIAPHRAGM AND ITS BROADER BASE, FROM WHICH THE GREAT VESSELS
EMERGE, LIES BENEATH THE SECOND RIB AND POINTS TOWARD THE RIGHT
SHOULDER.
WALLS OF THE
HEART ARE
COMPOSED OF
THREE LAYERS
EPICARDIUM – OUTER LAYER WHICH
IS ALSO THE VISCERAL PERICARDIUM
MYROCARDIUM – THE MIDDLE LAYER

AND THICKEST LAYER WHICH IS
COMPOSED MAINLY OF CARDIAC
MUSCLE.
ENDOCARDIUM – THE INNER LINING

OF THE HEART, WHICH COVERS THE
HEART VALVES AND IS CONTINUOUS
WITH THE INNER LINING OF THE
GREAT VESSELS.
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
• TWO SUPERIOR ATRIA

• TWO INFERIOR VENTRICLE
• INTERATRIAL OR INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM – DIVIDES THE HEART
LONGITUDINALLY.
• VENTRICLES FORM THE BULK OF THE HEART AND ARE THE DISCHARGING
CHAMBERS THAT FORCE BLOOD OUT OF THE HEART INTO THE LARGE ARTERIES
THAT EMERGE FROM ITS BASE.
HEART VALVES
• ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVES – ARE LOCATED BETWEEN THE ATRIUM AND
THE VENTRICLE ON THE LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART.
• TRICUSPID VALVE (RIGHT AV VALVE) – HAS THREE FLAPLIKE CUSPS ANCHORED TO
THE PAPILLARY MUSCLES OF THE VENTRICULAR WALL BY TINY, WHITE COLLAGENIC
CORDS CALLED CHORDAE TENDINAE (HEART STRINGS)
• MITRAL VALVE (RIGHT AV VALVE) – HAS TWO FLAPLIKE CUSPS ANCHORED TO THE
PAPILLARY MUSCLES BY CHORDAE TENDINAE.
• SEMILUNAR (SL) VALVES – ARE LOCATED BETWEEN A VENTRICLE AND A GREAT

VESSEL
• PULMONARY (SL) VALVE – HAS THREE POCKETLIKE CUSPS LOCATED BETWEEN THE
RIGHT VENTRICLE AND THE PULMONARY TRUNK.
• AORTIC (SL) VALVE – HAS THREE POCKELIKE CUSPS LOCATED BETWEEN THE LEFT
VENTRICLE AND THE AORTA.
PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCUITS
• PULMONARY CIRCUIT – THE FLOW OF BLOOD IS FROM THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE
HEART TO THE LUNGS AND BACK TO THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART.
• CARRIES CARBON DIOXIDE-RICH BLOOD TO THE LUNGS TO UNLOAD AND THEN PICK
UP OXYGEN AND BACK TO THE LUNGS.
• ITS FUNCTION IS TO PROVIDE GAS EXCHANGE
• SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT – CARRIES OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD FROM THE LEFT HEART

THROUGH THE BODY TISSUES AND BACK TO THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART
CORONARY CIRCUIT
BLOOD VESSELS
• FUNCTION AS CONDUCTING VESSELS FOR THE BLOOD
• ARTERIES – CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART
• AORTA
• ARTERIOLES
• VEINS – DRAIN THE TISSUES AND RETURN BLOOD TO THE HEART

• VENA CAVA
• VENULES
• CAPILLARIES CONNECT THE ARTERIOLES AND VENULES

• WHERE GAS EXCHANGES ARE MADE.
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF THE BLOOD
VESSELS
CARDIAC CYCLE
• SYSTOLE – REFER TO EVENTS DURING VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION
• DIASTOLE – REFER TO EVENTS DURING VENTRICULAR RELAXATION
• CARDIAC CYCLE IS EQUIVALENT TO ONE COMPLETE HEART BEAT DURING WHICH
BOTH ATRIA AND VENTRICLES CONTRACT AND THEN RELAX
• IT IS MARKED BY A SUCCESSION OF CHANGES IN BLOOD VOLUME AND PRESSURE WITHIN THE
HEART.
• QUIESCENT PERIOD – A PERIOD OF TOTAL HEART RELAXATION

HEART SOUND
• RESULT FROM TURBULENT BLOOD FLOW
• TWO DISTINCT SOUNDS CAN BE HEARD DURING EACH CARDIAC CYCLE
• THE HEART SOUNDS ARE “LUB” AND “DUP” AND THE SEQUENCE IS DESIGNATED
LUB-DUP, PAUSE, LUB-DUP, PAUSE, AND SO ON.
• THE FIRST SOUND (LUB) IS REFERRED TO AS S1 AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH
CLOSURE OF THE AV VALVES AT THE BEGINNING OF VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
• THE SECOND HEART SOUND (DUP), CALLED S2, OCCURS AS THE SEMILUNAR
VALVES CLOSE AND CORRESPONDS WITH THE END OF SYSTOLE.
THE PULSE
• PULSE REFERS TO THE ALTERNATING SURGES OF PRESSURE IN AN ARTERY THAT

OCCUR WITH EACH CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE.
• PULSE PRESSURE IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC
PRESSURE
• NORMALLY THE PULSE RATE EQUALS THE HEART RATE, AND THE PULSE
AVERAGES 70 TO 76 BEATS PER MINUTE IN THE RESTING STATE.
BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION
• BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) IS DEFINED AS THE PRESSURE THE BLOOD EXERTS
AGAINST ANY UNIT AREA OF THE BLOOD VESSEL WALLS, AND IT IS GENERALLY
MEASURED IN THE ARTERIES.
• TWO BLOOD PRESSURE READING
• SYSTOLIC PRESSURE THE PRESSURE IN THE ARTERIES AT THE PEAK OF VENTRICULAR
CONTRACTION
• DIASTOLIC PRESSURE REFLECTS THE PRESSURE DURING VENTRICULAR RELAXATION.
• BLOOD PRESSURE ARE REPORTED IN MILLIMETERS OF MERCURY (MM HG) WITH

THE SYSTOLIC FIRST; 120/80 TRANSLATES TO 120 OVER 80 OR A SYSTOLIC
PRESSURE OF 120 AND DIASTOLIC PRESSURE OF 80.

Circulatory System

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Circulatory System

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• IS A CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPOSED OF A LIQUID MATRIX CALLED PLASMA

AVERAGE-SIZED ADULT HAS 4 TO 6 LITERS OF BLOOD

• TYPES ARE DISTINGUISHED

RBCS BIND TO ANTIBODIES IN

Blood Type Antigen Antibody Blood That Can

AB AB None A, B, AB, and O

• RH ANTIGEN – PROTEIN ON RBCS • IF RH-POSITIVE BLOOD IS GIVEN TO

• NORMAL RBCS, ARE BICONCAVE DISCS, THEIR SHAPE OF CAN CHANGE

• IN HEALTHY MEN, THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF RBCS PER CUBIC MILLIMETER IS

4. SPIN THE CAPILLARY TUBE IN A MICRO-CENTRIFUGE FOR 5 MINUTES AT ABOUT

• A CONE-SHAPED ORGAN APPROXIMATELY THE SIZE OF A FIST, LOCATED WITHIN

MYROCARDIUM – THE MIDDLE LAYER

ENDOCARDIUM – THE INNER LINING

• TWO SUPERIOR ATRIA

• SEMILUNAR (SL) VALVES – ARE LOCATED BETWEEN A VENTRICLE AND A GREAT

• SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT – CARRIES OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD FROM THE LEFT HEART

• VEINS – DRAIN THE TISSUES AND RETURN BLOOD TO THE HEART

• CAPILLARIES CONNECT THE ARTERIOLES AND VENULES

• QUIESCENT PERIOD – A PERIOD OF TOTAL HEART RELAXATION

• PULSE REFERS TO THE ALTERNATING SURGES OF PRESSURE IN AN ARTERY THAT

• BLOOD PRESSURE ARE REPORTED IN MILLIMETERS OF MERCURY (MM HG) WITH

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