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SP 2 Ion - Exchange-Rev
SP 2 Ion - Exchange-Rev
PROCESSES
ION EXCHANGE
Muhammad Syafiq Alias
e-mail: [email protected]
1
Definition of Ion Exchange
where,
M2+ = metal cation (also M3+or M+)
Ex = exchanger solid matrix
The regeneration reaction is,
Regeneration
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Water softening (contd.)
• Hard water is filtered through an artificial zeolite
(cation exchange resin) , such as Permutite.
• The sodium in the zeolite replaces the
undesirable ions that are in the water.
• The positively charged ions in solution such as
Ca2+ diffuse into the pores of the solid and
exchange with the Na+ ions in the mineral.
• When the zeolite is saturated with these metallic
ions, it is washed with salt solution, which
restores the sodium.
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Common applications of ion exchange include:
• water softening
• demineralization
• deoxygenation
• desalination
• recovery of valuable metals
• recovery of acids
• chemical manufacture
• treatment of hazardous and radioactive wastes
Applications of ion exchange in water &
wastewater
A) Cationic Exchangers:
- Strongly acidic – functional groups derived from
strong acids e.g., R-SO3H (sulfonic).
• Amberlite
• Duolite
• Dowex
• Ionac
• Purolite
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Ion exchange capacities of Various materials:
Exchange Ion Exchange
Medium Capacity (meq/gm)
Clay 0.03 - 1.1
Glauconite (green sand) 0.09 - 0.18
Zeolite (aluminosilicates) ~ 1.4
Sulfonated Coal ~ 1.7
Synthetic Resins 3 - 10
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Selectivity Coefficients
Preference for ions of particular resins is often expressed
through an equilibrium relationship using the selectivity
coefficient. The coefficient is described below.
For the exchange of A+ in solution for B+ on the resin:
Where:
[A+], [B+] = moles A+, B+ per liter of liquid
(12.4-4)
(12.4-6)
(Ref. 1)
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Equilibrium and Regeneration
• Ion-exchange process for strong acid or strong base
exchangers by replacing ions in a solution with either:
– H+
Originally in the resin
– OH-
• Regeneration: small amount of solution with high
concentration of:
– H+ for cation exchangers
– OH- for anion exchangers
Regeneration shifts the equilibrium to the left, making
the regeneration process more favorable
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Relative-Molar-Selectivity Coefficients (K)
• The equilibrium constant or selectivity coefficient for exchange
of any two ions A&B
• Table 12-4-1: Relative molar selectivity coefficient for
polystyrene with 8 % DVB for strong acid/base resins
Strong-Base Anion Exchange Strong-Acid Cation Exchanger
(Relative to Cl- as 1.0) (Relative to Li+ as 1.0)
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Kinetics versus Equilibrium.
• Ion exchange is much faster than carbon
adsorption and as a result we can use
equilibrium assumption in design
calculations.
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Example 12.4-1
• A waste acidic stream contains copper in solution which
is being removed by a strong acid-cation resin.
• The cation Cu2+ (A) is displacing the cation H+ (B) in the
resin. A polystyrene resin similar to the Table given is
being used.
• The total resin capacity Q is approximately 1.9
equivalents/L of wet bed volume.
• For a total concentration C of 0.10 N (0.10 equivalents/L)
in the solution, calculate at equilibrium the total
equivalents of Cu2+ in the resin when the concentration
of Cu2+ in solution is 0.02M (0.04 N).
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Solution to Example 12.4-1 part1
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Solution to Example 12.4-1 part2
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Design Considerations:
Fixed-Bed Ion-Exchange
Columns
• Rate depends on
– Mass transfer of ions from bulk to particle
surface
– Diffusion of ions in the pores of solid to surface
– Exchange of ions at the surface.
– Diffusion of the exchange ion back to the bulk
solution.
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Modes of Operation (Similar to adsorption)
a) Continuous countercurrent: packed bed
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Modes of Operation b) Continuous
Countercurrent: fluidized-bed
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Advantages of Ion Exchange
• Increased value of a product because of
improved properties.
• Recovery of valuable components
• Recovery of water for re-use
• Better quality control due to elimination of
process variability.
• Reduced waste disposal costs due to elimination
of objectionable components or reduced volume.
• Reduction of corrosion or scaling in subsequent
equipment
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Disadvantages
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References
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