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  • 2Q Week 4 Lesson 4 Chemiosmosis

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    KC Dinglas
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    Chemiosmosis uses the energy from redox reactions to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. Hydrogen ions diffuse back through ATP synthase, an integral membrane protein. This powers the production of most cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. ATP then provides energy for various cellular processes by releasing energy when its terminal phosphate bond is broken.

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    Chemiosmosis uses the energy from redox reactions to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. Hydrogen ions diffuse back through ATP synthase, an integral membrane protein. This powers the production of most cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. ATP then provides energy for various cellular processes by releasing energy when its terminal phosphate bond is broken.

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    24 views13 pages

    2Q Week 4 Lesson 4 Chemiosmosis

    Uploaded by

    KC Dinglas
    Chemiosmosis uses the energy from redox reactions to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. Hydrogen ions diffuse back through ATP synthase, an integral membrane protein. This powers the production of most cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. ATP then provides energy for various cellular processes by releasing energy when its terminal phosphate bond is broken.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 13

    Chemiosmosis

    Objectives:
    Identify the major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle,
    electron transport system, and chemiosmosis
    Explain the concept of glycolysis, Krebs cycle,
    electron transport system, and chemiosmosis
    Value the importance of knowing the major features
    of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system,
    and chemiosmosis through illustration
    Chemiosmosis
    • In chemiosmosis, the free energy from the series of
    redox reactions just described is used to pump
    hydrogen ions (protons) across the membrane.

    • The uneven distribution of H+ ions across the


    membrane establishes both concentration and
    electrical gradients owing to the hydrogen ions’ positive
    charge and their aggregation on one side of the
    membrane.
    • If the membrane were open to diffusion by the
    hydrogen ions, the ions would tend to diffuse back
    across into the matrix, driven by their
    electrochemical gradient. Recall that many ions
    cannot diffuse through the nonpolar regions of
    phospholipid membranes without the aid of ion
    channels
    • Similarly, hydrogen ions in the matrix space can
    only pass through the inner mitochondrial
    membrane through an integral membrane protein
    called ATP synthase.
    • Chemiosmosis is used to generate 90% of
    the ATP made during aerobic glucose
    catabolism; it is also the method used in the
    light reactions of photosynthesis to harness
    the energy of sunlight in the process of
    photophosphorylation. The production of
    ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in
    mitochondria is called oxidative
    phosphorylation.
    The overall result of these reactions is the
    production of ATP from the energy of the
    electrons removed from hydrogen atoms.
    These atoms were originally part of a glucose
    molecule. At the end of the pathway, the
    electrons are used to reduce an oxygen
    molecule to oxygen ions. The extra electrons
    on the oxygen attract hydrogen ions (protons)
    from the surrounding medium, and water is
    formed.
    Parts of ATP
    Synthase
    Adenosine Triphosphate ATP
    • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy
    currency for cellular processes. ATP provides the
    energy for both energy-consuming endergonic
    reactions and energy-releasing exergonic reactions,
    which require a small input of activation energy.
    When the chemical bonds within ATP are broken,
    energy is released and can be harnessed for
    cellular work. The more bonds in a molecule, the
    more potential energy it contains.
    • Because the bond in ATP is so easily broken and
    reformed, ATP is like a rechargeable battery that
    powers cellular process ranging from DNA
    replication to protein synthesis.

    • When ATP is broken down, usually by the removal


    of its terminal phosphate group, energy is
    released. The energy is used to do work by the cell,
    usually by the released phosphate binding to
    another molecule.
    • For example, in the mechanical work of muscle
    contraction, ATP supplies the energy to move the
    contractile muscle proteins. Recall the active
    transport work of the sodium-potassium pump in
    cell membranes. ATP alters the structure of the
    integral protein that functions as the pump,
    changing its affinity for sodium and potassium. In
    this way, the cell performs work, pumping ions
    against their electrochemical gradients.

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