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Immunitization and Vaccination
Immunitization and Vaccination
Members
Murtaza,Saqib,Faheem,Rehan,Ilyas,ibrahim
Define immunity ,and its types
Define immunization, and its types
Discuss vaccination and its types
Explain cold chain and hazards of
immunization
Overview on expanded program of
immunization (EPI).
• Immunity is derived from the Latin word
“immunis”, meaning exemption from military
service, tax payments or other public services
• The ability of an organism to resist a particular
disease-causing state.
Example: Vaccines against influenza, polio, hepatitis
A and rabies.
• Instead of the entire microbe,
subunit vaccines include only the
antigens that best stimulate the
immune system.
• In some cases, these vaccines use
epitopes the very specific parts of
the antigen that antibodies or T
cells recognize and bind to it.
against rattlesnake bites.
If a bacterium possesses an outer coating of sugar
molecules called polysaccharides, as many harmful
bacteria do, researchers may try making a conjugate
vaccine for it.
Polysaccharide coatings disguise a bacterium’s
technological level.
These vaccines dispense with both the whole organism
and its parts and get right down to the essentials: the
microbe’s genetic material.
Example: Influenza vaccine.
• Recombinant vector vaccines are experimental
vaccines similar to DNA vaccines
• But they use an attenuated virus or bacterium to
introduce microbial DNA to cells of the body.
• Example : DPT
There are two main vaccine manufacturing strategies:
In-vivo
In-vitro
Some vaccines can be produced using any one of the
recording temperature.
No immune response is entirely free from the risk
of adverse reactions. The adverse reactions that
may occur may be grouped under the following
heads:
.tenderness
.nodule or sterile abscess at the site of injection
.fever
.headache
Typhoid vaccine causes local and general reactions.
Polio vaccine cause little reaction
2. Reactions due to faulty techniques:
Faulty techniques may relate to faulty production of
vaccine (e.g. inadequate inactivation of the
microbe, inadequate detoxication),
too much vaccine given in one dose,
improper immunization site or route,
Use of improperly sterilized syringes and needles
carry the hazard of hepatitis B virus, and staphylo -
and streptococcal infection
wrong amount of diluents used
3. Neurological involvement:
Neuritics manifestations may be seen after the
administration of vaccine.
Examples
the post vaccinal encephalitis and encephalopathy
following administration of anti -rabies and smallpox
vaccines.
GuillainBarre syndrome in association with the hepatitis
B vaccine.
Others:
These may comprise damage to the fetus (e.g., with
rubella vaccination);
A potential problem in mass vaccination against
measles, rubella and mumps).
EXPANDED PROGRAM
ON IMMUNIZATION
(EPI) PAKISTAN
Global EPI Launched By WHO in MAY 1974.
With objective of reducing to a negligible level
2002.
Then Hib and Pneumococcal Vaccines in 2008.
In EPI program only Active Immunization is done.
o Child Immunization
o Female Immunization
Vaccination Schedule for Females 15- 45
years (Child Bearing Age - CBA)