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    CAÑADA, JOHANNELYN M.
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    The document defines key terminology used in communicable disease nursing including infection, carrier, contact, isolation, habitat, host, reservoir, surveillance, communicable disease, and infectious disease. It also describes the chain of infection and its components - infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host. Lastly, it discusses infection control measures, use of barrier apparel, preventive care of patients, health education, immunization, and environmental sanitation.

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    The document defines key terminology used in communicable disease nursing including infection, carrier, contact, isolation, habitat, host, reservoir, surveillance, communicable disease, and infectious disease. It also describes the chain of infection and its components - infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host. Lastly, it discusses infection control measures, use of barrier apparel, preventive care of patients, health education, immunization, and environmental sanitation.

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    30 views43 pages

    Communicable Disease Nursing2

    Uploaded by

    CAÑADA, JOHANNELYN M.
    The document defines key terminology used in communicable disease nursing including infection, carrier, contact, isolation, habitat, host, reservoir, surveillance, communicable disease, and infectious disease. It also describes the chain of infection and its components - infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host. Lastly, it discusses infection control measures, use of barrier apparel, preventive care of patients, health education, immunization, and environmental sanitation.

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    of 43

    Communicable

    Disease Nursing
    TERMINOLOGIES

    • INFECTION

    - the implantation and successful replication of an


    organism in host tissue resulting to signs and
    symptoms as well as immunologic response.

    • CARRIER

    - an individual who harbors the organism and is


    capable of transmitting it to susceptible host
    without showing manifestations of the disease.
    TERMINOLOGIES
    • CONTACT

    - Is a person or animal who is in close association


    with an infected person, animal, or freshly soiled
    materials.

    • ISOLATION

    • - separation from other persons of an individual


    suffering from a communicable disease.
    TERMINOLOGIES

    • HABITAT
    - Is a place where an organism lives or where
    the organism is usually found.

    • HOST
    • - Is a person, animal, or plant on which a
    parasite depends for its survival
    TERMINOLOGIES
    • RESERVOIR

    - composed of one or more species of animal or plant in


    which an infectious agent lives and multiplies for
    survival and reproduces itself in such a manner that it
    can be transmitted to man.

    • SURVEILLANCE

    • - the act of watching


    TERMINOLOGIES
    • COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
    • - an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxic
    products that are transmitted directly or indirectly to a well
    person through an agency, a vector or an inanimate object.

    • INFECTIOUS DISEASE
    - transmitted not only by ordinary contact but requires
    direct inoculation of the organism through a break in the
    skin or mucous membrane.
    WHY INFECTION OCCURS?

    1. Resistance developed by bacteria to some


    antibiotics
    2. Emerging strains of some microbes that cannot
    be protected by a single vaccine
    3. Resistance of virus to some antiviral meds
    4. Occasionally arising infectious agents (e.g. HIV,
    anthrax, Ebola)
    5. Localization of some microbes in areas of the
    body difficult to treat
    WHY INFECTION
    OCCURS?
    6. Opportunistic organisms causing infection in
    immuno-compromised patients
    7. Most people have not received immunization
    8. Increased air travel can cause spread of virulent
    organisms to a heavily populated area in hours.
    9. Use of biologic warfare and bioterrorism
    10. The expanded use of immunosuppressive drugs
    and invasive procedures increases the risk of
    infection.
    Chain of Infection
    A. Infectious/ Causative Agent
    - Any microbe capable of producing a disease

    1. Bacteria
    2. Spirochete
    3. Viruses
    4. Rickettsiae
    5. Chalmydiae
    6. Fungi
    7. Protozoa
    8. Parasites
    B. Reservoir
    1. Human reservoir
    a. Frank Cases or the very ill
    b. Sub-clinical or ambulatory
    c. Carrier
    • Incubatory carrier : a person incubating
    the illness
    • Convalescent carrier: a person at the
    recovery stage of illness but continues
    to shed the pathogenic organism
    • Intermittent carrier: occasionally
    sheds the pathogenic organism
    • Chronic or sustained carrier:
    always has the infectious organisms in
    his or her system.
    2. Animals
    3. Nonliving things
    C. The Portal of Exit - path or way in which
    the organisms leave the reservoir

    1. Respiratory system
    2. Genitourinary system
    3. Gastrointestinal tract
    4. Skin and mucous membrane
    5. Placenta
    D. Mode of Transmission means by which the
    infectious agent passes through the portal of
    exit of the reservoir to the susceptible host.
    the easiest link to break the chain of
    infection.
    1.Contact Transmission
    a. Direct – person-to-person transfer
    b. Indirect – susceptible person comes in
    contact with contaminated object
    c. Droplet spread – contact with respiratory
    secretions when the infected person
    coughs, sneezes, or talks
    2. Air-borne transmission – Spread by
    air current and is inhaled by
    susceptible host.
    3. Vehicle transmission – through
    articles or substances that harbor the
    organism until it is ingested or
    inoculated into the host.
    4. Vector-borne transmission – occurs
    when intermediate carriers transfer
    the microbes to another living
    organism.
    E. Portal of Entry- a venue where the
    organism gains entrance into the
    susceptible host
    F. Susceptible Host – not possessing
    immunity to a particular pathogen
    ILLNESS FOLLOWING AN ENTRANCE OF
    PATHOGEN INTO THE BODY DEPENDS
    ON THE HOST:
    1. Age, sex, genes, and constitution;
    2. Nutritional status, fitness, environmental factors;
    3. General condition, physical, emotional, and
    mental state;
    4. Absence of or abnormal immunoglobulins;
    5. Co-morbid states
    6. Treatment with certain antimicrobials,
    corticosteroids, radiation, or immunosuppressive
    drugs.
    COURSE OF INFECTIOUS
    DISEASE
    1. INCUBATION PERIOD
    - time of infection to appearance of signs and symptoms
    2. PERIOD OF PRODROMAL SYMPTOMS/ PRODROMAL
    PERIOD
    - early symptoms that may mark the onset of a disease
    3. PERIOD OF INVASION
    - the disease reaches its full development and maximum
    intensity
    - also referred to as Fastigium or Acme
    4. COMMUNICABLE PERIOD
    - period after infection when an infectious agent can be
    transmitted to another host.

    5. LATENT PERIOD
    - period after infection when an infectious agent cannot
    be transmitted to another

    6. DEFERVESCENCE OR DECLINE
    - The stage during which the manifestations subside.
    OCCURRENCE
    1. SPORADIC DISEASE
    - occasional and irregular(e.g. Tetanus,
    herpes, skin diseases, leprosy in Manila)
    2. EPIDEMIC DISEASES
    - disease attacks a large number of people
    in a community at the same time, or during
    the same season, and in which disease
    tends to spread rapidly to others (e.g.
    cholera, dengue)
    OCCURRENCE

    3. ENDEMIC
    - those that are present in a population or
    community at times; usually involves few
    people during specific periods (typhoid
    fever in Manila, dysentery)
    4. PANDEMIC
    - an epidemic that affects several countries
    or continents (e.g. HIV/AIDS, SARS)
    INFECTION CONTROL & work
    practice control MEASURES

    1. Employees shall wash their hands as soon as


    possible after the removal of gloves or other
    protective equipment and after hand contact with
    blood or other potentially infectious materials.
    2. All personal protective equipment shall be
    removed immediately upon leaving the work
    area.
    3. Used needles and other sharps shall not be
    sheared, bent, broken, recapped, or re-sheathed
    by hand.
    INFECTION CONTROL
    MEASURES
    4. Eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics or lip
    balm, or handling contact lenses are prohibited in
    work areas where there is potential occupational
    exposure.
    5. Food and drinks shall not be stored in refrigerators,
    freezers, or cabinets where blood or other
    potentially infectious materials are stored.
    6. All procedures involving blood or other potentially
    infectious materials shall be performed in such a
    manner as to minimize splashing, spraying, and
    aerosolization.
    7. Mouth pipetting/suctioning is prohibited.
    THE USE OF BARRIER
    APPARELS
    1. MASKING
    ● All staff should wear mask.
    ● Patients with respiratory problems should be
    asked to wear mask

    2. HANDWASHING
    ● Practice proper hand washing with the use of
    soap and water.
    ● Wash hands before and after patient contact
    and after removing the gloves.
    THE USE OF BARRIER
    APPARELS
    3. GLOVING
    ● Wear gloves for all direct contact with patients.
    ● Change gloves and wash hands after every
    contact with each patient.

    4. GOWNING
    ● Wear gown during procedures which are likely to
    generate splashes or sprays of blood and body
    fluids, secretions, or excretions.
    THE USE OF BARRIER
    APPARELS
    5. EYE PROTECTION (goggles)
    ● Wear goggles for aerosol/splash-generating
    procedures.
    ● Avoid aerosols

    6. ENVIRONMENTAL DISINFECTION
    ● Clean surfaces daily with disinfectant (diluted
    household bleach, 70 percent alcohol) 
    PREVENTIVE ASPECT OR CARE
    OF PATIENTS WITH
    COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
    1. Health education
    2. Immunization
    3. Environmental Sanitation
    • Water Supply Sanitation
    • Proper Excreta and sewage disposal
    • Food Sanitation
    • Waste Management
    HEALTH EDUCATION
    • Educate the family and the client with
    respect to:
    • the availability and importance of prophylactic
    immunization
    • the manner in which infectious illness is spread and
    the methods of avoiding the spread
    • the importance of seeking medical advice for any
    sign of health problem
    • the importance of environmental cleanliness and
    personal hygiene
    • the means of preventing contamination of food and
    water supply
    IMMUNIZATION
    • the introduction of specific protective antibodies or
    the production of cellular immunity in a susceptible
    person or animal

    Immunity
    • a condition of being secure against any
    particular disease
    Types of Immunity
    1. Natural

    a. Passive – acquired through placental


    transfer (Maternal)
    b. Active – acquired through recovery from a
    certain disease (Infection)
    Types of Immunity
    2. Artificial

    a. Passive – acquired through the


    administration of antitoxin, antiserum,
    convalescent serum, and gammaglobulins
    (Antibody transfer)
    b. Active – acquired through the administration
    of vaccine and toxoid (Immunization)
    Types of Antigen/vaccines

    1. Inactivated (killed organism)


    a. Not long lasting
    b. Multiple doses needed
    c. Booster dose needed

    2. Attenuated (live organism)


    d. Single dose needed
    e. Long lasting immunity
    WHAT DAMAGES VACCINES?
    • Heat and sunlight (esp live vaccines)
    • Freezing damages the killed vaccines and
    toxoids.
    • Use water only in cleaning the
    refrigerator/freezer. Antiseptics, disinfectants,
    and detergents or alcohol may lessen the
    potency of vaccines.

    KEEP ALL VACCINES AT THE CORRECT COLD


    TEMPERATURE (0-8 degrees Celsius)
    The Cold Chain System
    Maintenance of correct temperature for vaccines starts
    from the manufacturer
    ↓
    Airport
    ↓
    Central Vaccine Store
    ↓
    Regional Store
    ↓
    District Hosp.
    ↓
    Health Centers or Outreach Service → Dispensary →
    Immunizing Staff → Client
    ENVIRONMENTAL
    SANITATION
    • Water Supply Sanitation
    • Proper Excreta and sewage disposal
    • Food Sanitation
    • Waste Management
    PATIENT ISOLATION
    PRECAUTIONS (Veenema, 2007).
    STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

    • Wash hands after patient contact.


    • Wear gloves when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and
    contaminated items.
    • Wear a mask and eye protection, or a face shield, during procedures likely to
    generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions.
    • Handle used patient-care equipment and linen in a manner that prevents the
    transfer of microorganisms to people or equipment.
    • Use care when handling sharps and use a mouthpiece or other ventilation
    device as an alternative to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when practical.

    Standard precautions are employed in the care of ALL patients.


    PATIENT ISOLATION
    PRECAUTIONS (Veenema, 2007).
    AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS
    • Standard precautions plus:
    • Place the patient in a private room that has monitored negative
    air pressure, a minimum six air exchanges per hour, and
    appropriate filtration of air before it is discharged from the room.
    • Wear respiratory protection when entering the room.
    • Limit movement and transport of the patient. Place a mask on
    the patient if he or she needs to be moved.
    • Conventional diseases requiring airborne precautions: measles,
    varicella, pulmonary tuberculosis
    • Biothreat diseases requiring airborne precautions: smallpox
    PATIENT ISOLATION
    PRECAUTIONS (Veenema, 2007).
    DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
    • Standard precautions plus:
    • Place the patient in a private room or cohort them with someone with
    the same infection. If not feasible, maintain at least 3 feet between
    patients.
    • Wear a mask when working within 3 feet of the patient.
    • Limit movement and transport of the patient. Place a mask on the
    patient if they need to be moved.
    • Conventional diseases requiring droplet precautions: invasive
    haemophilus influenza and meningococcal disease, drug-resistant
    pneumococcal disease, diphtheria, pertussis, mycoplasma, GABHS,
    influenza, mumps, rubella, parvovirus.
    • Biothreat diseases requiring droplet precautions: pneumonic plague
    PATIENT ISOLATION
    PRECAUTIONS (Veenema, 2007).
    CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
    • Standard precautions plus:
    • Place the patient in a private room or cohort them with
    someone with the same infection if possible.
    • Wear gloves when entering the room. Change gloves after
    contact with infective material.
    • Wear a gown when entering the room if contact with
    patient is anticipated or if the patient has diarrhea, a
    colostomy, or wound drainage not covered by a dressing.
    • Limit the movement or transport of the patient from the
    room.
    PATIENT ISOLATION
    PRECAUTIONS (Veenema, 2007).
    CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
    • Dedicate use of noncritical patient-care equipment (such as
    stethoscopes) to a single patient, or cohort of patients with
    the same pathogen. If not feasible, adequate disinfection
    between patients is necessary.
    • Conventional diseases requiring contact precautions: MRSA,
    Clostridium difficile, RSV, parainfluenza, enteroviruses,
    enteric infections in the incontinent host, skin infections
    (HSV, impetigo, lice, scabies), hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
    • Biothreat diseases requiring contact precautions: viral
    hemorrhagic fevers
    ˜ END ˜
    merci!

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