Unit 2
Unit 2
Morality
Morality
• Morality is derived from the Latin word ‘mores’, meaning
habits or customs.
• It refers to the principles or rules of moral conduct Standards
and systems that provide guidance on how to act.
• Morality has a broad meaning that extends beyond rules in
professional codes of conduct adopted by corporations and
professional association.
• Morality, therefore, is “the character of being in accord with
the principles or standards of right conduct”
summary
• A society’s rules of conduct
• What people ought / ought not to do in
various situations
• For theists, morality typically comes from gods
• For atheists, morality is a natural feature of
reality or human society
• Morals are concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior
and the goodness or badness of human character. Many people find
morality extremely useful. Not everyone has the time and training to
reflect on the kind of life they want to live, considering all the different
combinations of values, principles and purposes. It’s helpful for them to
have a coherent, consistent account that has been refined through
history and can be applied in their day to day lives.
• Many people also inherit their morality from their family, community
or culture – it’s rare for somebody to ‘shop around’ for the morality
that most closely fits their personal beliefs. Usually the process is
unconscious.
• Morality refers to a set of values that are widely shared and relatively
stable within a community.
• Morality refers to a set of deeply held, widely shared, and relatively
stable values within a community.
• Morality stems from an individual's conscience and from the
values of a given society, which might be based on religious
tradition or on political principles such as democracy or
socialism. Moral conduct would be that which is considered
'right' based on people's consciences and society's shared
values. Morality is one way for a community to define
appropriate activity.
• while each person is able to reflect and discover their own
sense of what’s good, right and meaningful, the course of
human history has seen different groups unify around
different sets of values, purposes and principles. Christians,
consequentialists, Buddhists, Stoics and the rest all provide
different answers to that question, “What should I do?” Each
of these answers is a ‘morality’.
Ethics Definition
Body language.
• The process of portraying yourself to others in a manner that creates a desired impression.
• Impression Management is the goal- directed activity of controlling and regulating information in
order to influence the impressions formed by an audience.
Types of Impression Management
• Constructive -- helps in the formation
of self identity
• Strategic -- helps in the attainment of some
interpersonal goal
Tactics of Impression Management
• Self enhancement:
It includes efforts to boost one’s physical
appearance.
Efforts to increase their appeal to others.
Includes using ‘props’ to enhance their
appeal.
To the whole world.
Ex. Social websites.
Social Identity Theory
• Personal versus Social identity continuum.
• Personal identity self description is a part of
intragroup comparison.
• Description of self at social identity level is
intergroup comparison.
The Personal versus Social
Identity Continuum
Conflict between Personal Identity
and Social Identity
• When a person does an act which is
inconsistent to that of his social identity then
such conflict arises.
Self Presentation
• It depends on situation
• It depends on others’ treatment
• Other enhancement:
It includes tactics to gain one’s liking such as
flattery
Tactics to induce positive moods and reactions in
others.
Certainty of target person or group.
Ex. Dressing up according to a certain person’s
liking
TECHNIQUES OF IMPRESSION
MANAGEMENT :-
Conformity Self-
Favor
Excuses s
Promotion
Self promotion
Flattery Association
Flattery Verbal Self-
Favors Presentatio
Conformity n
Association Excuses
Apologies
Apologies
Conformity
The target tries to present herself A worker reminds his boss about his past
Self-
or himself in as positive a light as accomplishments and associates with
Promotion possible. co- workers who are evaluated highly.
Conforming The target follows agreed-upon A worker stays late every night even if she
has completed all of her assignments because
to Situational rules for behavior in the staying late is one of the norms of her
Norms organization.
organization.
Appreciating The target compliments the per- A coworker compliments a manager on his
ceiver. This tactic works best when excellent handling of a troublesome employee.
or
flattery is not extreme and when it
Flattering involves a dimension important
Others to the perceiver.
Being The target’s beliefs and behaviors A subordinate delivering a message to his boss
are consistent. There is agreement looks the boss straight in the eye and has a
Consistent between the target’s verbal and sincere expression on his face.
nonverbal behaviors.
Findings of Impression Management
• Impression management refers to the goal-directed
conscious or unconscious attempt to influence the
perceptions of other people about a person, object,
or event by regulating and controlling information in
social interaction.
• While controlling someone else's opinion is virtually
impossible, impression management gives us an
opportunity to present ourselves in a way that may
be more likely to evoke a positive opinion from
others.
• People who engage in impression management are
aware that if others notice their deception or faking
behavior, impression management work will backfire
and their social images can be even worse.
Impression Management : Role
of Cognitive Load
• Impression management skills excercised by
us for years.
• At the time of performing other tasks we are
less concentrated to presenting ourselves.
• Pontari and Schlenker concluded that who are
uncomfortable in social situations, if busy in
performing other task may present
themselves better.
• Research included Extroverts and introverts at
the time of job interview.
• Cognitive busynessof introverts and
extrovert people interfered with in
s
presenting themselves.
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT BY
MARGINALIZED PEOPLE
• Case of eunuchs
Largely perceived as the person who are
incapable of doing a impressive political
leadership.
But in MP when they were elected to be
representative, then they have managed their
impression in such a form that they are perceived
by Society risen above corruption and caste.
Conclusion
Fromall the objectives, techniques, findings,
tactics , and tips we can conclude that
Impression Management plays a vital role in
all fields such as in organisations, hospitals,
education institutions etc.
So, Impression Management is the
process through which one person influence
others.