Confined Space

Confined Space Entry
by
Sustainable Business Solutions (SBS)
H # 03, St # 19, Block - C, Eden Value Homes, Multan Road, Lahore, T: +92 42 37511573
Emergency Response Training E: [email protected] W: www.sbs.org.pk Confined Space & HAZMAT Response
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Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response
Delegates Introduction
◦ Name
◦ Education/Qualifications
◦ Position and Organization
◦ Experience (OHS)
◦ Anything special about yourself

Introduction to SBS
Who We Are
We are occupational health & safety, environment,
energy and quality management advisors, trainers,
auditors and researchers
Our Goal
Our goal is to help our valued clients maximize their
productivity and profitability by introducing practicable,
integrated and cost effective occupational health &
safety, environment, energy and quality management
solutions
Our Vision
Becoming a partner of choice in sustainable business
development of your organization
Introduction to SBS
Our Mission
Providing economically viable, environmentally safe
and socially acceptable business solutions to our
clients
Conducting our business in a way that promotes
sustainable development and brings about satisfaction
and prosperity to all stakeholders
Striving for continual improvement in our performance
Our Values
• Sustainability
• Professionalism
• Integrity
• Respect
• Innovation
•Emergency
Teamwork Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response
Services We Offer
Professional
Training &
Consulting Development Auditing &
Assessments
Occupational
Health & Safety,
Project Process Safety, Monitoring
Management Fire Safety, & Testing
Environment,
Energy and
Quality
Socio-Economic
Research Development
Talent
Acquisition
SBS Accreditations
Pakistan’s first ever IOSH Pakistan’s first ever CIEH

Pakistan’s first ever NEBOSH accredited centre accredited centre
accredited centre
Pakistan’s first ever IIRSM

accredited centre
Pakistan’s first ever HABC Pakistan’s first ever PECB

accredited centre accredited centre

Trainer’s Introduction
TARIQ MOEN
(Emergency Response and Safety Professional)

TRAINING SCHEDULE
Duration: 01 Day
Timings: 09:00AM–05:00 PM
Lunch: 01:00 PM – 02:00PM
Tea / Coffee morning and afternoon: 15 minutes

Methodology:
Training will be delivered by using;
 Power Point Presentation
 Video Clips
 Group Discussions
 Practical Exercises
Training Objectives
Introduction to Emergency Response
Basic Terminology
Emergency Action Plan
What are Confined Spaces and their Characteristics?
Types of Confined Spaces
General Hazards associated to Confined Spaces
Confined Space Team and its Responsibilities

Training Objectives
Confined Space Entry Procedures
Confined Space Rescue
What are Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT)
Hazard Identification for Hazardous Materials
Emergency Response for HAZMAT Emergencies
Scenario Based Drills

Aim of Emergency Response Training
The Emergency Response Training program helps train

people to be better prepared to respond to emergency
situations on their worksites. It includes emergency
preparedness, towards fire emergencies, medical
emergencies natural disasters etc.

Introduction to Emergency
Response
(Basic Terminologies)

Health
The condition of body, mind and social well being.
•Good health
• Ill health
Safety
Not being exposed to danger or risk.
OR
Freedom from unacceptable risk to harm.

Incident
How Puma Energy defines Incident?

An involuntary non-desired event or operative failure which
causes an injury, damage to installations or equipment, material
losses, business interruption, adverse impact on environment
and / or customer / social complaints.

Near Miss
How Puma Energy defines Near Miss?

An involuntary non-desired event or operative failure which in
different conditions could have caused an injury, damage to
installations or equipment, material losses, business
interruption or adverse impact on environment.

Near Miss
How Puma Energy defines Unsafe Practice?

When a person does not act according to the accepted or
legislated safe practice and thus creates a hazard to him/herself,
another person, equipment or the environment.

Near Miss
How Puma Energy defines Unsafe Condition?

When the conditions to work safely (with respect to a person,
equipment or the environment) are not met.

Reactive Management:
Waiting for accidents to happen.
Action is only ever taken after an accident.

active Management
Proactive Management:
Anticipate events
Manage change
IMPORTANT. Don’t Wait Until It Happens.

Hazard
Source, situation or act with a potential for harm in terms of:
• Human injury
• Ill health
• Property loss
• Environmental loss
or combination of above.

Risk
Combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous
event or exposure and severity of injury or ill health that can be
caused by the event or the exposure.

What is Risk Assessment?
“A systematic review of premises”
Over all process of estimating the magnitude of risk and
deciding whether, the risk is tolerable or not.

Emergency
• A present or imminent event

• Requires prompt coordination or special regulation

Emergency Action Plan
Written document that facilitates and organizes employer and

employee actions during workplace emergencies.
An emergency action plan must be in writing, kept in the
workplace, and available to employees for review.
However, an employer with 10 or fewer employees may

communicate the plan orally to employees.

Purpose of an EAP:
 Describes actions to be taken to ensure employee safety
during an emergency
 Uses floor plans / maps to show emergency escape routes
 Covers reasonably expected emergencies

Benefits of an EAP:
 Fewer and less Severe Injuries
 Less Structural Damage

 Reduce Confusion

Emergency Response Team
An Emergency Response Team (ERT) is a group of people who

prepare for and respond to any Emergency incident, such as a
Natural Disaster or an Manmade Emergencies.
Emergency Response Teams are common in public service

organizations as well as in organizations.

The number of personnel required to staff the Emergency

Response Team will depend on the size and complexity of the
incident.
Ideally on a worksite a Response Team should consist of

minimum 04 trained members. The first person on-scene will
typically serve as the Incident Commander (IC), until relieved
by a more senior person.

Forming an Emergency Response Team and assigning

responsibilities is one of the crucial steps in Emergency
Response Planning. If emergency response team members are
not familiar with their roles and responsibilities, important
response actions may be missed.

Emergency Supervisory Personnel
(Chief Emergency Warden)
Emergency Supervisory Personnel

(Chief Emergency Warden)
Those who supervise emergency response and rescue

operations;
not necessarily the same as those who usually supervise
workers in the regular performance of their duties.

Emergency Warden
Emergency Warden
The supervisor or an individual who has been assigned, or

accepted voluntarily, to guide workers during an emergency
event, abiding by established procedures and protocols.

Emergency Response for
Confined Space Emergencies

What is Confined Space?
• Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.
• A place with disturbed level of oxygen and potential of
toxic gases is called confined space.

What is Confined Space?
Confined space means a space that:
• Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily
enter and perform assigned work.
• Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example,

tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are
spaces that may have limited means of entry)

Examples of Confined Spaces
 Tanks  Valut
 Manholes  Pipes
 Boilers  Tunnels
 Furnaces  Ducts
 Sewers  Bins
 Silos  Pits
 Hoppers  Excavation / Trenches

Man Hole

Tunnel and Pipelines

Enclosed Water Tanks

Hoppers

Pits

Fuel Tanks

Chemical Storage Tanks

Process Tanks

Bins

Silos

Tanker Trucks

Hazards Associated to Confined Spaces
Each Confined Space has different hazards. Hazards can also change with
time and usage.
 Atmospheric Hazards
 Chemical Hazards
 Physical Hazards
 Mechanical Hazards
 Biological hazards
 Entrapment Hazards

Atmospheric Hazards
Atmospheric Hazards
 Oxygen Deficiency / Enrichment
 Toxic Atmospheres
 Flammable / Explosive gases

Oxygen Deficiency
O2
CO2
 19.5 % is the minimum acceptable oxygen
level for work with out an air supplied
respirator.
 When oxygen is present in concentrations

less than 19.5% the atmosphere is said to be
oxygen deficient.

Oxygen Deficiency
A number of processes consume O2 such as:
 Welding / Cutting
 Fire
 Bacterial action (as in the fermentation process)
 Chemical reaction (formation of rust)
 Number of people working in confined space
 Amount of physical activity
 Can be reduced as the result of oxygen displacement by
other gases.

Effects of Oxygen Deficiency
 19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level.
 15 - 19% Decreased ability to work Impaired

coordination, early symptoms.
 12-14% Respiration increases, Poor judgment.
 10-12% Respiration increases, Lips blue.
 8-10% Mental failure, Fainting, Nausea,

Unconsciousness, Vomiting.
 6-8% 8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes - 50% fatal,

4-5 minutes - possible recovery.
 4-6% Coma in 40 seconds, Death

Oxygen Enrichment
Oxygen can also be present in concentrations that are too high.
Oxygen in concentrations greater than 23% is oxygen rich
atmosphere and can cause combustible materials to ignite very
quickly.

Toxic Atmospheres
Atmospheres inside confined spaces may contain Toxic gases
that may cause the entrant to be quickly overcome and cause
Fatalities.
 The atmosphere may contain:

 Hydrogen Sulphide – H2S
 Carbon Monoxide – CO
 Chlorine – Cl2
Concentrations of Toxic gases are measured in Parts per

Million (PPM)

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
(Toxic Atmospheres)
H2S can be detected by smell in concentrations as low as 0.1
PPM. Although it is usually detected by smell, the nose cannot
be relied on as a dependable way of detection.
0-10 PPM Rotten Egg smell
20-100 PPM Sweeter metallic

odor
> 100 PPM NO Smell

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
(Toxic Atmospheres)
Hydrogen Sulphide has a paralyzing effect on the olfactory
nerves which allow you to smell.
The Sense of smell should never be relied on to detect H2S

Effects Hydrogen Sulphide

Carbon Monoxide (CO)
(Toxic Atmospheres)
• It is an odorless, colorless gas.
• It is a combustion by-product.
• A person who is exposed can quickly collapse at high
concentrations.
PPM Effect Time
50 Permissible Exposure Level 8 Hours
200 Slight headache, discomfort 3 Hours
600 Headache, discomfort 1 Hour
1000-2000 Slight heart palpitation 30 Min.
1000-2000 Tendency to stagger 1 1/2 Hours
1000-2000 Confusion, nausea, headache 2 Hours
2000-2500 Unconsciousness 30 Min.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)
(Toxic Atmospheres)
• It is an odorless, colorless gas.
• It is a combustion by-product.
• A person who is exposed can quickly collapse at high
concentrations.
PPM Effect Time
50 Permissible Exposure Level 8 Hours
200 Slight headache, discomfort 3 Hours
600 Headache, discomfort 1 Hour
1000-2000 Slight heart palpitation 30 Min.
1000-2000 Tendency to stagger 1 1/2 Hours
1000-2000 Confusion, nausea, headache 2 Hours
2000-2500 Unconsciousness 30 Min.

Chlorine – Cl2
Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic
number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears
between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its
properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is
a greenish-yellow, non-combustible gas at atmospheric
pressure; it has a suffocating odour.

Chlorine – Cl2
•CHLORINE. The previous OSHA limit for chlorine was 1 ppm
as a ceiling limit.
•However, the final rule establishes a PEL of 0.5 ppm TWA with
a 15-minute short-term exposure limit of 1 ppm for chlorine.
Uses of Chlorine:
• Water Purification
• Sewage Treatment
• PVC Plastic Manufacture
• Metal Precipitate

Flammable / Explosive Atmospheres
The range of concentration between which if a gas is present
then it can ignite causing a fire / explosion is called as its
Flammable / Explosive range.

Flammable / Explosive Atmospheres
 Common Types
 Methane, Acetylene Gas
 Vapour of Fuel, Solvent & Paint
 Coal or Grain Dust.
 Measured by LEL
 More than 10% LEL is a serious hazard
• LEL: Lower Explosive Limit.
• LFL: Lower Flammable Limit.
• UEL: Upper Explosive Limit.
• UFL: Upper Flammable Limit.

Chemical Hazards
 Other than being Flammable / Explosive chemicals may also

be:
 Reactive
 Corrosive
 Carcinogenic
 Harmful for reproduction

Labels
Chemical Hazards

Physical Hazards
The use and shape of a space can create hazardous conditions;
 Fall from heights
 Temperature
 Noise
 Illumination
 Narrow areas
 Electricity etc.

The Confined Space Team
Entry Supervisor
Entrant
Entry Attendant

Supervisor Responsibilities
 To ensure that all hazards associated with the confined
space have been identified and addressed.
 To assure adequate protection is provided to the
entrants by verifying adequate lock out/tag out when
required.
 To support the entry attendant’s authority in controlling
access to a confined space.

 To assure that all personnel involved are aware of the

hazards associated with the space.
 To assure that rescue services are available prior to
entry.
 To verify that all personnel have exited prior to closing
the space.



Entrant Responsibilities
 To ensure that the space has been adequately ventilated,
isolated, emptied, or otherwise made safe for entry.
 To immediately exit a space, without question, upon
word of the attendant, no matter what the reason.
 To follow all safety rules and procedures that apply to
the job.
 To be familiar with the work to be performed and the
procedures that apply to the job.
 To use the appropriate PPE whenever necessary.

Entry Attendant Responsibilities
The Entry Attendant is trained on specific duties such as:

 To monitor and communicate with entrants during the
job and during entry & exit to help ensure their safety.
 The attendant may not abandon his post for any reason
while personnel are in the space unless relieved by
another qualified attendant.

Entry Attendant Responsibilities
 To summon emergency assistance as needed.

 To assess hazards in and around the space, and take
action on the same.
 To keep records of confined space work, such as air test
results, personnel entry/exit, etc.

Confined Space Entry Requirements
General Requirements
• Recognition
• Preparation
• Safeguards

Safeguards

Equipment Needed for Entries
Personal Protective Equipment
◦ Helmet
◦ Breathing Apparatus (APR,SCBA)
◦ Goggles
◦ Harness
◦ Safety Shoes
◦ Personal Gas Detector
◦ Life Line
◦ Torch
◦ Communication Device



Confined Space Entry Procedure
All entrants, supervisors and entry attendants must be
fully qualified / trained:
Confined Space Entry Permit

Conduct Pre-Entry Briefing
Assemble and Check Equipment
Conduct Initial Air Sampling

Confined Space Entry Procedure
Establish Acceptable Entry Conditions

Establish Continues Monitoring of Atmosphere
Rescue Team / ERT
Establish Communication
Post–entry debrief if problems were encountered

Testing The Atmosphere
Verify presence of safe work atmosphere.

• Calibrate Air Monitoring Equipment before use
• Test all areas of a confined space
◦ Top, Middle, Bottom
◦ Check for Explosive & Toxic Gases
◦ Check Oxygen level
 Record all readings


Testing order

Exposure Limits
Exposure limits are established to protect workers from
airborne exposures, because these are the most common.
Permissible Exposure Limits:
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have set
permissible exposure limits (PELs).

IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health)
IDLH is an acronym for Immediately Dangerous to Life and
Health. It is exposure to airborne contaminants that is "likely
to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse
health effects or prevent escape from such an environment."
Sr Substance IDLH Values

no.
1 Carbon dioxide 40000 ppm
2 Carbon monoxide 1200 ppm
3 Hydrogen sulfide 100 ppm

Ventilation
•Consider best of exhaust or supply or both
•Provide workzone exhaust if welding
•Plan ventilation supply and exhaust paths
•Ensure no “re-circulation” of air supply
•Use continuous ventilation
•Retest the confined space before and during
entry

Communication
By lifeline (pulls and bells)
By radio set
By megaphone
By whistle
Verbally
Manually

LOCKOUT!
Lock & tagging ALL electrical sources.
Blank & bleeding fluid lines
Disconnect mechanical drives & shafts.
Secure mechanical parts
Lock & Tag all valves

CONFINED SPACE
RESCUE
Emergency Response Training Oil Spillage Response

Rescue
In high risk confined spaces a fully equipped Ambulance shall
be stationed at all times during the activity to deal with any
medical emergencies and transport the ill or injured to the
hospital (If Necessary).

Rescue Team
A Qualified Rescue Team and Rescue Equipment must
be available for entry into all Permit Required Confined
Spaces.

Confined Space Rescue
Self Rescue: This is when the Entrant recognizes Hazards
before they overwhelm him and exits the Confined Space.

Non Entry Rescue: Using the tripod Stand the Entrant is
Pulled out by the Attendant/Safety Watch and others.

Entry Rescue: Performed by Highly Trained professionals
who enter the confined space and rescue the victim.

Steps for Confined Space Rescue
1. Conduct Rescue Drills
One of the best ways to prepare is to practice.
Rescue drills provide personnel the experience of working
through different scenarios in order to familiarize themselves
with situations they could encounter in confined spaces.
Conducting rescue drills helps prepare teams for working in
confined spaces, and when necessary, rescuing co-workers.


Rescue Drills

Rescue Drills

Rescue Drills

Rescue Drills

2. Understanding of Rescues Categories
There are time-sensitive and non-time-sensitive rescues.
Time-sensitive or “emergency” rescue typically involve

oxygen-deficient atmospheres where there is a small window of
time, typically six minutes, to get someone out.

2. Understanding of Rescues Categories
An example of a non-time-sensitive rescue would be a situation
in which someone falls and breaks an ankle going into a confined
space. In these types of circumstances, there are sufficient O2
levels and, therefore, the rescue is not as time-sensitive and can
be conducted without the use of supplemental oxygen.
Understanding both types of rescues helps safety professionals

develop strategies for implementing and executing an
appropriate response.

Understanding of Rescues Categories



3. Make every entrant wear a full-body harness
Of all the equipment involved in confined space rescue, perhaps
the most important is the full-body harness.
Many rescues require lifting equipment to remove a person from
a confined space, and that lifting equipment will need to attach
to a full-body harness.
The harness plays an important role in both vertical rescues to
help lift a worker out of space, and horizontal rescues to help
place the worker on a stretcher or rescue board.

Make every entrant wear a full-body
harness

Make every entrant wear a full-body
harness

4. Survey Confined Spaces for Rescue
Rescuing someone in a timely manner requires an in-depth
knowledge of the parameters of the confined space. Depending
on the configuration and location of a space, the OSH
professional may need to adjust the rescue strategy.
In the chemical industry, for instance, the traditional tripod used
to lift workers out may not be feasible in all confined spaces. As
such, anchor eyebolts may need to be installed over the confined
space entry points for vertical rescues. Surveying beforehand will
help determine the proper tools and techniques for working
within a confined space, and getting someone out in a rescue
situation.
Survey Confined Spaces for Rescue

5. Survey Openings
Along with surveying confined spaces, it’s also important to
survey and assess openings. Some may think that a rescue
person with a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) can fit
into any confined space, and/or be able to move freely within it.
In many instances, that is not the case.
Surveying openings provides an assessment of how much room

workers and/or rescuers will have to enter a confined space, and
what types of equipment they will be able to bring with them.

Confined Space Openings





6. Meet with Local Authorities about Rescue Capabilities
It is important to remember that it is not always possible to rely on
1122/ 15/ 911 for a confined space rescue solution. Depending on
the situation, authorities may not have the manpower or
capability to perform a rescue.
Understanding the capabilities of local authorities helps safety
professionals develop rescue plans suited to each particular
situation. If local authorities are not able to assist, the OSH
professional must adjust accordingly to ensure that the proper
personnel is in place to respond to an emergency.

7. Have a Rescue Team
Safety professionals need to ensure that they have fully equipped
and trained confined space rescue team (CSRT) ready to respond in
an emergency situation. Regardless of the confined space or
opening, a rescue team needs to be prepared and ready to
respond in a timely manner if someone is injured, trapped or
incapacitated.
CSRTs could be qualified members of an employer’s own team,
local emergency response or an outside contractor. The team’s
makeup will depend on several factors including budget, local
resources and the availability of qualified personnel.

Confined Space Rescue Team

Confined Space Rescue Team

Any Question?
by
Sustainable Business Solutions (SBS)
H # 03, St # 19, Block - C, Eden Value Homes, Multan Road, Lahore, T: +92 42 37511573
Emergency Response Training
Confined Space Safety
E: [email protected] Training
W: www.sbs.org.pk Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

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Confined Space Entry

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Pakistan’s first ever IOSH Pakistan’s first ever CIEH

Pakistan’s first ever IIRSM

Pakistan’s first ever HABC Pakistan’s first ever PECB

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Lunch: 01:00 PM – 02:00PM

Tea / Coffee morning and afternoon: 15 minutes

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

The Emergency Response Training program helps train

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

How Puma Energy defines Incident?

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

How Puma Energy defines Near Miss?

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

How Puma Energy defines Unsafe Practice?

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

How Puma Energy defines Unsafe Condition?

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Action is only ever taken after an accident.

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

IMPORTANT. Don’t Wait Until It Happens.

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

• A present or imminent event

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Written document that facilitates and organizes employer and

However, an employer with 10 or fewer employees may

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

 Less Structural Damage

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

An Emergency Response Team (ERT) is a group of people who

Emergency Response Teams are common in public service

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

The number of personnel required to staff the Emergency

Ideally on a worksite a Response Team should consist of

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Forming an Emergency Response Team and assigning

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Supervisory Personnel

Those who supervise emergency response and rescue

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

The supervisor or an individual who has been assigned, or

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

• Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example,

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

 Hoppers  Excavation / Trenches

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response

Emergency Response Training Confined Space & HAZMAT Response