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    Muluneh Debebe
    18 views17 pages
    The document discusses T-SQL programming basics like declaring variables, IF/ELSE statements, WHILE loops, and CASE expressions; it provides examples of how to declare and assign values to variables, write conditional logic with IF/ELSE, iterate with WHILE loops using BREAK and CONTINUE, and illustrates the syntax of CASE expressions.

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    The document discusses T-SQL programming basics like declaring variables, IF/ELSE statements, WHILE loops, and CASE expressions; it provides examples of how to declare and assign values to variables, write conditional logic with IF/ELSE, iterate with WHILE loops using BREAK and CONTINUE, and illustrates the syntax of CASE expressions.

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    18 views17 pages

    Lab One

    Uploaded by

    Muluneh Debebe
    The document discusses T-SQL programming basics like declaring variables, IF/ELSE statements, WHILE loops, and CASE expressions; it provides examples of how to declare and assign values to variables, write conditional logic with IF/ELSE, iterate with WHILE loops using BREAK and CONTINUE, and illustrates the syntax of CASE expressions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 17

    Basics of T-SQL programming

    Declaring variables and Parameters


    Cont…
    In SQL Server, a variable is typical known as a
    local variable is only available in the batch,
    stored procedure or code block in which it is
    defined.
    A local variable is defined using the
    DECLARE statement.
    ◦ The name of the local variable needs to start with
    the @ symbol as the first character of its name.
    example: DECLARE @Count INT
    DECLARE @Count INT, @X INT, @Y INT,
    @Z CHAR (10)
    Cont…
     A localvariable is initially assigned a NULL value.
    A value can be assigned to a local variable by using the
    SET or SELECT statement.
    Using SET:-
    DECLARE @Count INT
    SET @Count = 1
    Using SELECT statement to initialize the value of a
    local variable with the value returned from a select that
    fetch the total number of rows in the employee table.
    DECLARE @ROWCNT INT
    SELECT @ROWCNT= (SELECT COUNT (*) FROM
    employee)
    Cont…
    An example that returns all the Customers
    records in the Library database where the
    Student’s dept column is equal to ‘CS’
    Declare @d varchar(25)
    set @d= ‘CS’
    select fname from Library.dbo.Student where
    dept= @d
    IF ... ELSE statemens
    T-SQL has the IF statement to help with
    allowing different code to be executed based
    on the results of a condition.
    Format one:
    IF <condition> <then code to be executed >
    Format two:
    IF <condition> <then code to be executed >    
    ELSE < else code to be executed >.
    Ifa block of code is used then it will need to
    be enclosed in a BEGIN and END statement.
    Example:
    Declare @x int
    set @x = 29
    if @x = 29 print 'The number is 29'
    if @x = 30 print 'The number is 30'
    Now the condition statement can also
    contain a SELECT statement.
    The SELECT statement will need to
    return value or set of values that can be
    tested.
    Cont…
    If a SELECT statement is used the
    statement needs to be enclosed in
    parentheses.
    if (select count(*) from Student
    where fname like '[A-D]%') > 0
    print 'A-D Students are Found '
    Cont…
    if db_name() = 'master'
    begin
    Print 'We are in the Master Database'
    Print ‘ ’
    Print 'So whatever code you execute must be done carefully'
    End
    else if db_name() = ‘Library'
    begin
    Print 'We are in the test Library database ’
    Print 'So Enjoy'
    End
    Cont…
    Suppose we want to determine whether to
    update or add a record to the employee
    table in the Library database.
    if exists(select * from Student where
    Studid = '123')
    Print ‘Need to update’
    else
    Print 'Need to add new rcord'
    WHILE Loop With CONTINUE and
    BREAK Keywords
    Syntax:
    WHILE Boolean_expression
    { sql_statement | statement_block | BREAK | CONTINUE }
    {sql_statement | statement_block}
    BREAK: Causes an exit from the
    innermost WHILE loop.
    CONTINUE: Causes the WHILE loop to
    restart, ignoring any statements after the
    CONTINUE keyword.
    Example 1:

    DECLARE @intFlag INT


    SET @intFlag = 1
    WHILE (@intFlag <=5)
    BEGIN
    PRINT @intFlag
    SET @intFlag = @intFlag + 1
    END
    Example 2: Usage of WHILE Loop with
    BREAK keyword
    DECLARE @intFlag INT
    SET @intFlag = 1
    WHILE (@intFlag <=5)
    BEGIN
    PRINT @intFlag
    SET @intFlag = @intFlag + 1
    IF @intFlag = 4
    BREAK;
    END
    GO
    Example 3
    WHILE (SELECT AVG(ListPrice) FROM
    Production.Product) < 300
    BEGIN
    UPDATE Production.Product
    SET ListPrice = ListPrice * 2
    SELECT MAX(ListPrice) FROM Production.Product
    IF (SELECT MAX(ListPrice) FROM Production.Product) > 500
    BREAK
    ELSE
    CONTINUE
    END
    In the following example, if the average list
    price of a product is less than $300,
    the WHILE loop doubles the prices and then
    selects the maximum price.
    If the maximum price is less than or equal
    to $500, the WHILE loop restarts and doubles
    the prices again.
    This loop continues doubling the prices until
    the maximum price is greater than $500, and
    then exits the WHILE loop.
    Example 4
    Select EID, salary into #t from Employee
    declare @i int,@count int
    set @i=1
    select @count=COUNT(EID) from #t
    while(@i<=@count)
    begin
    update Employee
    set Salary=Salary*1.5
    where Employee.EID=(select top 1 EID from #t)
    Delete #t
    where #t.EID=(select top 1 EID from #t)
    set @i=@i+1
    end
    CASE… When expressions
    Assignment 1
    1. Using if …Else statement write a T-SQL
    program to print the grade of a student.
    Assume that a student table has (StudId,
    FN,LN, Age, mark) and write A if the
    mark is above 80, B if the mark is between
    79 and 60 and C if is less than 60
    2. Use while… loop write a T-SQL program
    to find the factorial of a number
    3. Describe the Syntax of CASE……When .
    Illustrate with example

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