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Chapter 3
Chapter 3
CHAPTER THREE
Artificial Intelligence
Mulugeta G..
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Contents
Artificial Intelligence
History of AI
Levels of AI
Types of AI
Application of AI
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Intelligence.
• Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking
• Reasoning
• Learning
• Problem Solving
• Perception and
• Linguistic Intelligence
• Agent and
• Environment.
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Environment.
• An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its
learning.
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History of AI
A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
• The year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by
Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial
neurons.
• The year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
• The year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and
pioneered Machine learning in 1950.
• Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he
proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent
behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
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History of AI
B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
• The year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first
History of AI
C. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
• The year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was
named as ELIZA.
• The year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was
named WABOT-1.
D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)
• The duration between the years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter
refers to the time period where computer scientists dealt with a severe shortage of
funding from the government for AI researches.
• During AI winters, an interest in publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.
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History of AI
E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
• The year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System".
• Again, Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research due to high
cost but not efficient results. The expert system such as XCON was very cost-
effective.
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History of AI
G. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
• The year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world
History of AI
H. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-
present)
• The year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz
• Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can
• The year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google
History of AI
H. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)
• The year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a
• The year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex
topics with two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
assistant and which had taken hair dresser appointment on call, and the
lady on the other side didn't notice that she was talking with the
machine.
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Levels of AI
• Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems
• Uses rules as the knowledge representation
• Is a system that applies human-made rules to store, sort and
manipulate data. In doing so, it mimics human intelligence.
• It’s a logical program that uses pre-defined rules to make deductions
and choices to perform automated actions.
• Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention
• Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain they
are being applied in.
• They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best
humans, and their knowledge base can be updated as new situations
and queries arise.
• Eg. chatbots and “robo advisors”
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Levels of AI
• Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
• Expertise and Domain Specific Knowledge.
• These systems build up expertise in a specific context taking in
massive volumes of information which they can use for decision
making.
• Eg. AlphaGo
• Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines
• These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to themselves
and others – they have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge, and how
their own logic works.
• This means they could reason or negotiate with humans and other
machines.
• At the moment these algorithms are still in development, however,
commercial applications are expected within the next few years
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Levels of AI
• Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
• These systems have human-like intelligence
• AGI is the intelligence of a machine that has the capacity to understand or
learn any intellectual task that a human being can.
• Stage 6 – Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)
• AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every
domain.
• Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the capabilities might
be, yet we would hope examples would include solving problems we have
failed to so far, such as world hunger and dangerous environmental
change.
• A few experts who claim it can be realized by 2029.
• Fiction has tackled this idea for a long time, for example in the film Ex
Machina or Terminator.
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Levels of AI
• Stage 7 –Singularity and Transcendence
• This leads to a massive expansion in human capability.
• Human augmentation could connect our brains to each other and to a
future successor of the current internet, creating a “hive mind” that shares
ideas, solves problems collectively, and even gives others access to our
dreams as observers or participants.
• Pushing this idea further, we might go beyond the limits of the human
body and connect to other forms of intelligence on the planet – animals,
plants, weather systems, and the natural environment.
• Some proponents of singularity such as Ray Kurzweil, Google’s Director
of Engineering, suggest we could see it happen by 2045 as a result of
exponential rates of progress across a range of science and technology
disciplines.
• The other side of the fence argues that singularity is impossible and
human consciousness could never be digitized
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Levels of AI
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Types of AI
• Based on Functionality
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Based on Capabilities
• cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific
task.
• E.g. Apple Siri , IBM's Watson supercomputer ,Google translate, playing chess,
purchasing suggestions on e-commerce sites, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and
image recognition.
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Based on Capabilities
2. General AI
• Is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task with
Based on Capabilities
3. Super AI
• Is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than a human with cognitive
properties.
• This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem solving and creativity.
think, to reason solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate
on its own.
• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence.
Based on Functionality
1. Reactive Machines:
• The most basic types of Artificial Intelligence
action.
• Eg. IBM's Deep Blue system and Google's AlphaGo
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Based on Functionality
2. Limited Memory
• Can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
• These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
memory
• Eg. Self-driving cars : can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the
Based on Functionality
3. Theory of Mind
• Understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact
4. Self Awareness
• is the future of Artificial Intelligence
• will be super intelligent and will have their own consciousness,
sentiments, and self-awareness.
• These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
• does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.
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stages:
• Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
surrounding environment.
• Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input
• Influencers of AI includes:
architectures
• Cloud computing and Application Program Interfaces
• Cloud computing is a general term that describes the delivery of on-demand
• The goal of data science is to extract knowledge or insights from data in various
Sample AI Application
• Commuting
• Online Shopping
• Googles AI-powered predictions
• Ridesharing Apps like Uber • Search (Amazon)
• E-mail
• Spam filters
• recommendations for products
• Smart e-mail categorization
• Mobile Use
• AI in education
• As a teaching assistant • Voice-to-text
• Eg: chatbot
• Smart personal Assistants
• Social Networking
• Facebook (Siri)
• Instagram
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END OF CHAPTER THREE
Next: Chapter Four: IoT