3-Objectives of The Simulation Study

OBJECTIVE OF THE
SIMULATION STUDY
01/17/23 1
Introduction
The key steps of a reservoir study may be

summarized as follows:
•Statement of objectives.
•Reservoir characterization.
•Model Selection.
•Model construction.
•Validation.
•Predictions.
01/17/23 2
Step1: Statement of Objectives
A clear statement of objectives is the most

important step in a study.
Some study objectives include the determination of:

•Pressure and production forecasts.
•Infill drilling requirements.
•Lease-line migration.
•Workover potential evaluation.
A model may be appropriate for one objective but

totally inappropriate for another.
01/17/23 3
Step 2: Reservoir Characterization ( RC )
RC can be described as three different

independent components:
• 1. Fluid characterization.
• 2. Rock characterization.
• 3. Geologic modeling.
Purpose of RC: is to capture geologic and

petrophysical features which affect reservoir
flow mechanism.
01/17/23 4
• RC must:
• Identify reservoir stratification and

communication.
• Define What constitutes pay and reservoir
rock.
• Establish reservoir quality.
• Identify contrasting lithologic zones.
• Identify reservoir boundary conditions.
01/17/23 5
Step 3: Model Selection
• The decisions need to be made in the
search for the correct model are:
• Process
• Functionality
• Scope
• Dimensionality
• Approach
• Grid selection
01/17/23 6
Process
This step entails identification of the

dominant process being modeled ( e.g.,
black-oil, compositional, or thermal.)
01/17/23 7
Functionality
Three broad categories exist:
•Energy Models: computation of reservoir fluids
(such as MB calculations).
•Front-Tracking Models: track the phase
distribution of reservoir fluids( such as pattern-
flood, coning, workover studies).
•Energy and Front-Tracking Models: compute both
reservoir pressures and fluid saturation
distributions in time ( such as evaluation primary
and secondary recovery programs).
Most reservoir engineering problems fall in the
third category.
01/17/23 8
Scope
Determine the model boundaries.
There are two choices:
•Full-Field Models (FFM): represent the entire

reservoir.
•Slice Models (SM): represent only a segment of the
full reservoir, therefore, require two assumptions:
fluxes across the SM boundaries are known and
results from the SM can be accurately scaled up to
full field.
01/17/23 9
Dimensionality
Model dimensionality can be 0-D, 1-D, 2-

D, 3-D, depending on:
•The objectives
•The reservoir mechanisms (e.g., coning,
cusping),
•The flow attributes (e.g., stratification).
01/17/23 10
Approach
There are two broad approaches:
•Actual models: represent the reservoir

characteristics based on real data.
•Conceptual models: use a more idealized
version of real data to achieve a simpler
representation of the reservoir.
01/17/23 11
Grid Selection
• The grid determination is an iterative

process of balancing available computing
capabilities with modeling needs.
• The functionality and dimensionality

define the number and coarseness of
the cells .
01/17/23 12
Step4: Model Construction
This step involves transformation of geologic and

petrophysical data into a simulation grid format.
Model properties have to be properly scaled-up to

cell dimension in use.
The basic geologic maps required are: porosity –

net and gross thickness – structure top – Swi – Kh
and Kv
01/17/23 13
Step5: Validation
• Initialization: reviewing the model and

calculations of initial pore volumes,
pressures, saturations, and original
fluids in place.
• Equilibrium: bringing the model to
equilibrium with respect to internal and
external boundary conditions.
01/17/23 14
• History Matching: to achieve match
between model and measured field
performance over a period of time at
known rates.
• Calibration: to match the well

performance with known backpressures.
01/17/23 15
Step6: Predictions
• Simulation models can yield reasonable
estimates of uncertainty in results.
• This can be achieved through

sensitivity runs using “ bracketing”
technique: identify model limitations –
identify key parameters – conduct
parameter sensitivity cases.
01/17/23 16

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OBJECTIVE OF THE

The key steps of a reservoir study may be

A clear statement of objectives is the most

Some study objectives include the determination of:

A model may be appropriate for one objective but

RC can be described as three different

Purpose of RC: is to capture geologic and

• Identify reservoir stratification and

This step entails identification of the

There are two choices:

•Full-Field Models (FFM): represent the entire

Model dimensionality can be 0-D, 1-D, 2-

There are two broad approaches:

•Actual models: represent the reservoir

• The grid determination is an iterative

• The functionality and dimensionality

This step involves transformation of geologic and

Model properties have to be properly scaled-up to

The basic geologic maps required are: porosity –

• Initialization: reviewing the model and

• Calibration: to match the well

• This can be achieved through

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