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    Ambreen Ghafoor
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    1) Environmental factors like noise, vibration, illumination and climate can affect safety, health, comfort and performance. Guidelines provide ways to reduce their adverse effects at the source, during transmission, and at the individual level. 2) For noise, the guidelines recommend keeping levels below 80 decibels and avoiding peak levels over 140db. Noise can be reduced at the source through equipment selection and maintenance or through workplace design like separating noisy and quiet areas. 3) For vibration, guidelines state that whole-body vibration should be below 0.5 m/s and hand-arm vibration below 2.5 m/s to prevent health issues. Vibration can be prevented through maintenance, tackling the source, and

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    1) Environmental factors like noise, vibration, illumination and climate can affect safety, health, comfort and performance. Guidelines provide ways to reduce their adverse effects at the source, during transmission, and at the individual level. 2) For noise, the guidelines recommend keeping levels below 80 decibels and avoiding peak levels over 140db. Noise can be reduced at the source through equipment selection and maintenance or through workplace design like separating noisy and quiet areas. 3) For vibration, guidelines state that whole-body vibration should be below 0.5 m/s and hand-arm vibration below 2.5 m/s to prevent health issues. Vibration can be prevented through maintenance, tackling the source, and

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    26 views26 pages

    Enviormental Factors

    Uploaded by

    Ambreen Ghafoor
    1) Environmental factors like noise, vibration, illumination and climate can affect safety, health, comfort and performance. Guidelines provide ways to reduce their adverse effects at the source, during transmission, and at the individual level. 2) For noise, the guidelines recommend keeping levels below 80 decibels and avoiding peak levels over 140db. Noise can be reduced at the source through equipment selection and maintenance or through workplace design like separating noisy and quiet areas. 3) For vibration, guidelines state that whole-body vibration should be below 0.5 m/s and hand-arm vibration below 2.5 m/s to prevent health issues. Vibration can be prevented through maintenance, tackling the source, and

    Copyright:

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    of 26

    ENVIRONMENTAL

    FACTORS
    Environmental Factors

    • It affect:
    • Safety
    • Health
    • Comfort
    • Performance
    Environmental Factors
    • Eliminate the adverse effects of environmental factors:
    1. At source
    2. In the transmission between source and man
    3. At the individual level
    Environmental Factors

    1. Noise
    2. Vibration
    3. Illumination
    4. Climate
    5. Chemical substance
    Noise
    • ‘Averaged' level over an
    eight-hour period:
    • 80-85 db

    • Peak level:
    135-137db

    • Should not exceed


    140 db
    NOISE

    Noise Noise Reduction through


    Guidelines on Hearing
    Reduction at Workplace Design and
    Noise Conservation
    Source Work Organization

    Keep the noise Choose a low- Hearing


    Separate noisy work conservation
    level below 80 noise working
    from quiet work measures must
    decibels method
    be suited to the
    noise and to the
    Use quiet user
    Avoid annoyance Keep an adequate
    machines
    distance from the
    source of noise
    Maintain
    Rooms should
    machines
    not be too
    regularly
    quiet Use the ceiling to
    absorb noise
    Enclose noisy
    machines
    Use acoustic screens
    1) Guidelines On Noise

    1 2 3
    Keep the noise level Avoid Annoyance Rooms should not be
    below 80 decibels too quiet
    2) Noise Reduction At Source

    1 2 3 4
    Choose a Use quiet Maintain Enclose
    low-noise machines machines noisy
    working regularly machines
    method

    Thermal printer
    3) noise Reduction Through Workplace Design And Work
    Organization

    1 2 3 4
    Separate Keep an Use ceiling Use
    noisy work adequate to absorb acoustic
    from quiet distance noise screens
    work from the
    source of
    noise
    Enclose Noisy Machines

    • Noisy machines can be placed in a sound-insulating enclosure


    • Disadvantage:
    • Enclosed machines are less accessible for operation and
    maintenance.
    • Special arrangements
    • To bring in and remove any process material
    • To provide ventilation
    4) Hearing Conversion

    1
    Hearing
    Conservation
    Vibration
    • Whole-body vibration
    • below (0.5m/s)
    • Via the feet (in standing work)
    • Via the seat (in seated work).
    • Usually, the vibration is predominantly vertical, such
    as in vehicles.

    • Hand– arm vibration


    • below ( 2.5m/s)
    • Affects only the hands and arms
    • Often arises when using motorized handheld tools
    Vibration
    • Low-frequency body vibrations (<1 hz)
    • Can produce a feeling of seasickness
    • Body vibrations between 1 and 100hz, especially between 4
    and 8 hz, can lead to chest pains, difficulties in breathing, low
    back pain and impaired vision.
    • Hand–arm vibration frequencies between 8 and 1000 hz cause
    • Reduced sensitivity and dexterity of the fingers
    • Vibration “white finger”
    • Muscle, joint and bone disorders
    • The most common frequency range for handheld motorized
    tools is between 25 and 150 hz
    Avoid health and safety risks
    from vibration
    Guidelines
    on Vibration
    Prevent shocks and jolts

    VIBRATION Tackle vibration at source

    Maintain machines regularly


    Preventing
    Vibration
    Prevent the transmission of
    vibration

    If necessary, direct the measures


    at the individual
    Guidelines On Vibration

    1 2
    Avoid health and Prevent shocks and
    safety risks from jolts
    vibration
    Preventing Vibration

    1 2 3 4
    Tackle Maintain Prevent the If
    vibration at machines transmission necessary,
    source regularly of vibration direct the
    measures
    at the
    individual
    Illumination

    • Illumination can affect a person’s performance and well-being.


    • Light intensity must be sufficiently high
    • Whenever visual tasks have to be carried out rapidly and with
    precision and ease
    • Light intensity:
    • Amount of light that falls on the work surface
    • Expressed in lux
    Illumination
    • Differences in luminance (contrast) in the visual field are also
    important.
    • Luminance:
    • Amount of light reflected back to the eyes from the surface of
    objects in the visual field
    • Luminance (brightness) is expressed in
    • SI unit: candela per m 2 (cd/m2)
    • CGS unit: stilb
    • One candela per square meter is commonly called a "nit".
    Nits are used to describe the brightness of computer displays,
    such as LCD and CRT monitors.
    • A typical computer display emits between 50 and 300 nits
    Illumination
    • Color of the light and the presence of daylight
    • can affect a person’s mood and therefore performance.
    • Color temperature
    • Expressed in Kelvin (K).
    Guidelines on
    Light Intensity

    Guidelines on Brightness
    Differences
    ILLUMINATION
    Guidelines for the
    Color of the Light

    Guidelines for
    Improving Lighting
    1) Guidelines On Light Intensity

    1 2 3
    Select a light Select a light Select a light
    intensity of 20– intensity of 200– intensity of 750–
    200 lux for 750 lux for 5000 lux for
    orientation normal activities special
    tasks. applications
    Minimum
    required
    intensity to
    detect obstacles
    is about 20 lux
    2) Guidelines On Brightness Differences

    1 2

    Avoid excessive Limit the brightness


    differences in differences between
    brightness in the task area itself , close
    visual field surrounding and
    wider surrounding
    3) Guidelines For The Color Of The Light

    Light type Temperature

    • Daylight : • 5000–6500 K
    • white light color

    • Light with low • <5000 K


    color temp :
    • yellow & red
    perceived as
    warm

    • Light with high • >6500 K


    color
    temperature:
    • blue
    3) Guidelines For The Color Of The Light

    1 2 3 4
    Avoid too Too warm Too cold In working
    cold and too color of the colors of environments
    warm colors light -- too the light -- , most people
    for indoor stimulating too boring. prefer
    lighting warmer
    colors of the
    light (3000–
    5000 K)
    4) Guidelines For Improving Lighting

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7
    Ensure Combine Daylight Screen Prevent Use Avoid
    good ambient can also sources of reflections diffuse flicker
    legibility and be used direct and lighting from
    of localized for light shadows fluoresce
    informatio lighting ambient nt tubes
    n lighting
    THANKYOU

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