Part 1-Tutorial 1-Answers
Part 1-Tutorial 1-Answers
Part I - Tutorial 1
1
Answer to Q1: Comparison
between OSI and TCP/IP Models
• The OSI model has 7 layers.
The TCP/IP model has 5 layers.
2
Additional Comments to Q1
(not Required in the Answer):
OSI 7-Layer Model
Layer Name Function
7 Application Allows applications to request network services.
6 Presentation Converts data so that systems that use different data
formats can exchange information.
5 Session Establishes sessions between network applications.
4 Transport Provides for reliable delivery of packets.
3 Network Handles routing of data across network segments.
2 Data Link Provides MAC addresses to uniquely identify
network nodes and a means for data to be sent over
the Physical layer in the form of packets. Bridges and
switches are layer 2 devices.
1 Physical Governs the layout of cables (media) and devices
such as repeaters and hubs.
3
Additional Comments to Q1
(not Required in the Answer):
Internet TCP/IP Model
Layer Name Function
5 Application Acts as final endpoints at either end of a
communication session between two network hosts
4 Transport Manages the flow of traffic between two hosts or
devices, ensuring that data arrives at the application
on the host for which it is targeted
3 Internet Contains all functionality that manages the
(Network) movement of data between two network devices over
a routed network
2 Link and Media Deals with the network connectivity among
Access neighboring devices.
1 Physical Handles physical media and devices
4
Additional Comments to Q1
(not Required in the Answer):
Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP Models
5
Answer to Q2:
Header Processing in a Network
• At the sender, as the message moves down the OSI layers, each layer
adds a header to it.
• By default, a switching node has only three layers: network, data link,
and physical layers since a switching node does not need to have
higher layers to process the message (e.g., a switching node just needs
to forward the message without knowing the meaningful content).
Hence, at a switching node, the message first travels up the layers and
then travels down the layers. When the message travels up the layers,
headers are stripped by the layers. When the message travels down the
layers, headers are added by the layers.
6
Additional Illustrations to Q2
(not Required in the Answer):
Header Processing in a Network
Packet Switched
A Network B
1 Packet Switched 3
Network
Sending
2 Receiving
Process Process
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network NH NH Network NH
Node 2
Data link DH T DH T Data Link DH T
Node 1
9
Q3: 6-9’s Reliability
10
Q3: 6-9’s Reliability
• In this case, reliability r = 99.9999%
• Failure probability b=1-r = 10-6
The notation b means “broken”.
Failure probability means the probability that the link is
broken; i.e., the percentage of link downtime.
• Assume a regular year (365 days)
• The allowable downtime per year is
T = 365D × 24H/D × 60M/H × 60 S/M × 10-6
= 31.5 seconds
11
Q4: Network Resilience
Singapore (SG) is connected to San Francisco (SF), via an
intermediate node at Hawaii (HW). Two independent links
connect between Singapore and Hawaii, and a long-range link
connects between Singapore and San Francisco. Assume that
each link fails independently with probability of 0.05. Calculate
the probability in which SG is disconnected from SF.
SG HW SF
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Q4: Network Resilience
SG HW SF
SG HW SF