VOLCANOES

Chapter 12 - pages 330-353

 K-W-L
What do I What do I What did I
know about want to know learn about
volcanoes? about volcanoes?
volcanoes?
Volcano   Some deep, underground rocks are so hot that a drop in pressure

Thoughts…
  can cause them to form magma.
   
  Deep in Earth's interior, most of Earth's mantle is molten, liquid
  magma.
   
  Magma is forced quickly toward Earth's surface because it is more

Do you agree or
  dense than the rock around it.
   
  Most volcanic eruptions occur near plate boundaries or locations

disagree?
  called hot spots.
   
  Magma that is deep underground can contain water vapor and
  other gases.
   
  Water vapor in magma usually produces volcanoes that erupt

Write A or D.  
 
 
quietly with lava that flows smoothly.
 
Some volcanoes can form without lava flows.
   

  Most of the magma that forms underground never reaches

  Earth's surface to form volcanoes.
   

  When a volcano stops erupting, the magma inside the vent

  sinks deep into the Earth, forming a bottomless pit.
 Volcano Introduction Movie
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be7o6BYVO
zA
 Pompeii
Reader’s Theatre:
Buried Alive
 Pompeii
• Picture of Ancient Pompeii Prior to Volcanic
Eruption:
http://www.ancientvine.com/pompeii.html
• Real Pictures to Show of Pompeii Uncovered:
http://missionlanguagelab.blogspot.com/2010
/03/this-young-man-is-writing-about-great.ht
ml
 What did we learn about
volcanoes
from the eruption in Pompeii of
Mt. Vesuvius?
 Mount Vesuvius Eruption

http://litchfieldpatten.weebly.
com/vesuvius-exploration.ht
ml
 Pompeii video
http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/discovery-
presents/videos/understanding-volcanoes-imag
es-from-pompeii.htm
 On your own…
• Read Pliny’s letter

• Read page 352 in your textbook about

Herculaneum

• Read worksheet “Buried Alive”

• Answer the questions in the packet

 Review Vocabulary
• What is lava?

• What is magma?

• What is a volcano?
 An opening in the Earth that
allows lava, ash, and gases to
escape the earth’s crust

What is a
volcano?
 What is the difference between a
mountain and a volcano?

A mountain is built by two plates at a

convergent boundary.

A volcano is built through the build up of

molten lava cooling and hardening.
PARTS OF A
VOLCANO
 Magma Chamber

•a large pocket
underground full of
magma
•usually about 5 miles
under the surface of
the earth
•it is where lava
comes from
 Lava
• comes from the
magma chamber
when a volcano
erupts
• magma that has
reached the earth’s
surface
• it is over 1000
degrees hot
• it turns into igneous
rock
aa – flows slowly and chunky
pahoehoe – fluid and rope like
pillow lava – pillow shaped lumps
most common
 Gas and Ash
•made of millions of tiny
fragments of rock and glass
formed during a volcanic
eruption
•less than 2 mm in size
•causes damage because ash
can be carried great distances
throughout the atmosphere
•it has a cooling effect on the
weather because it remains in
the sky and reduces sunlight
•gas is released from the
magma chamber
 Vent
• the opening in the
volcano where lava
escapes
• usually found as a hole
at the top of the
volcano
• can also be found as
cracks along the side
 Crater
• as lava flows out, it
quickly cools and
forms layers of rock
around the vent
• the steeped walled
depression around a
vent
pyroclastic flow – ash and cinders
Using page 332 in your textbook and
the diagram to draw in your science
notebook a volcano with the following
parts labeled:

Side vent Lava

Central Vent Crater
Ash and gases Crust
Magma chamber Mantle
Mini Lab:
Modeling Magma Movement

clear plastic cup

olive oil
water
eye dropper
lab report sheet
 How do volcanoes form?

•Heat and pressure cause rock to melt

•Magma is less dense than the
surrounding rock, so it is forced
upward
•The magma either flows out of the
volcano, or it explodes out
•Magma hardens as it cools, forming
layers of rock
Where do volcanoes occur?
 6P Predictions
6B Predictions
•NEAR THE EQUATOR •In water
•HOT SPOTS •All over the world
•ON EARTH •The ocean
•UNDER THE SEA •Under the earth(inside)
•UNDER THE EARTH’S SURFACE •Where earthquakes happen
•WHERE PLATES MOVE •On fault lines
•WARM CLIMATES
•Where plates smash
•HAWAII
•Hawaii
•WHERE VOLCANOES HAVE ALREADY
OCCURRED •Where there are mountains
•ITALY •Warm climates
•POMPEII •Cool climates
•NEAR MOUNTAINS
 LAB:

Plotting Volcanoes
Longitude lines:
Run north to south/up and down

Latitude lines:

Run east to west/left to right

 Check out this website…
• http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/e
nvironment/natural-disasters/forces-of-natur
e/?section=v#
 Ring of Fire • large series of volcanoes
(some active) encircling
the Pacific Ocean are
referred to as being part of
the Ring of Fire
• notorious for frequent
earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions.
• The Ring of Fire coincides
with the edges of one of
the world's main
tectonic plates, (the
Pacific Plate)
• contains over 450
volcanoes and is home to
approximately 75% of the
world's active volcanoes.
• Nearly 90% of the world's
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnilQsno2WI
earthquakes occur along
Mr. Parr’s Volcano Song
the Ring of Fire
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fsz1hs-c-U4
Video on ring of fire
 Where do volcanoes occur?
Divergent plate boundaries:
•Two plates move apart
•The mid-Atlantic ridge

•Plates separate, cracks called rifts form, and

lava flows from the cracks
•Surtsey – 1963 new island was formed
http://
www.surtsey.is/pict/pp_pict_eng/eruption/erup
tion_index.html
 Where do volcanoes occur?
Convergent Plate Boundaries:
•Two plates move together
•Oceanic plate under continental
plate
•Oceanic plate under oceanic
plate
• Magma forms when the
plate sliding below another
gets deep enough and hot
enough to melt partially
causing the magma to rise
• Soufriere Hills on the island of Montserrat

http://www.photovolcanica.com/VolcanoInfo/S
oufriere%20Hills/Soufriere%20Hills.html
 Where do volcanoes form?
• hot spots
• magma rises up through the crust in the middle of a
plate
• the hot spot remains in one spot while the plate
continues to move over it
• the result is a trail of volcanoes is left behind with older
volcanoes moving away from the hot spot and newer
ones forming over top of the hot spot
 Hawaiian Islands
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Ch
ap3-Plate-Margins/Mid-plate/Hawaiian-Islands
Famous Volcanoes
 1. Mount Fuji, Japan

• This volcano is created where the Philippines Plate is subducted

under the Eurasian Plate. Last eruption was 1708.
 2. Mauna Loa, Hawaii

• The world’s largest and one of its most active

volcanoes on the Big Island of Hawaii.
 3. Mount Saint Helens,
Washington

• Erupted in 1980
• ask your parents, most will remember this!
 4. Paricutin, Mexico

• Begin in 1943 and continued to 1952. Cone grew 1100 feet in

one year! Began in a farmer’s field with a crack in the earth.
 5. Cerro Negro, Nicaragua

• April 1850 and very active; last eruption was

1999
 6. Mount Vesuvius, Italy

• The explosion of this volcano in 79 AD was so great that is

destroyed all the civilizations around it.
 7. Olympus Mons, Mars

• This volcano, while the tallest volcano in the universe, is

very flat and sits above a hot spot (Mars doesn’t have
tectonic plates).
 8. Krakatoa, Indonesia

• The 1883 explosion of this volcano was so big that it could be

heard 3,000 miles away. That’s like being able to hear a
volcano that exploded in New York City all the way in Oakland.
 Volcano Eruption Types
• active – currently erupting or shows signs of
unrest such as earthquake activity or gas
discharged; it is also a volcano that is not
currently erupting but has in the recent past;
Kileaua in Hawaii
• dormant – called “sleeping” volcanoes because
they are inactive, but could erupt again; Cascade
mountain range along the west side of North
America
• extinct – not presently erupting and is unlikely to
do so for a very long time in the future; Crater
Lake in Oregon
 current volcanic eruption
Indonesia
http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/13/world/asia/in
donesia-volcano-eruption-evacuation/

February
2014
2000 meter plume
15,000 evacuated from 17 villages
 Erupting since September 2013
active in 2010 after being dormant for 400 years
Ash covers villages up to 70 km away
1 of 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia; part of
the Pacific Ring of Fire
 current volcanic eruption
Chaparrastique, El Salvador
• December
2013
• first
eruption in
37 years
• ash and gas
5 km high
 current volcanic activity
Costa Rica
• February
2014
• 300 m
plume
• largest so
far in
2014
 Alaska – Pavlof Volcano
http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/28/us/pavlof-vol
cano-eruption-alaska/

Ash plume 37,000 feet high

Trailing 400 miles away
 Indonesia Mount Sinabung
Volcano
• http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/22/asia/indon
esia-mt-sinabung-volcano-erupts/
see chart on page 342 in textbook
section two – pages 336-339
Guiding Questions:
•what makes them erupt explosively or quietly?

•how does magma content affect eruptions –

silica and gases?

•what are the three forms/types of volcanoes?

•big project – pick a volcano

 Magma Viscosity
• the “gooeyness” or resistance to flow of
magma
 Viscosity Lab
• ketchup
• water
• vegetable oil
• syrup
• mL cups/drops
• lab report packet
 Viscosity Matchbook
• Use pages 336-339 to help you
• You may also use any internet website to help
also
Let’s Review Viscosity
The
“gooeyness”
of a liquid

The fluidity of
a liquid

The
resistance of
a liquid to
flow
 Quiet Eruptions
• Basaltic magma
• low in silica
• Fluid
• produces quiet non-explosive eruptions
• Kilauea
• water
 Explosive
Eruptions
• Granitic magma
• silica rich
• Thick
• gas gets trapped inside, pressure builds up
• produces explosive eruption
• Soufriere Hills
• honey
 Other explosive:
• Andesitic magma
• higher silica content than granitic
• erupt more violently than granitic magma
• Krakatau
 Fissures:
• A crack in the earth’s crust where lava erupts
 Three Forms of Volcanoes
• SHIELD

• CINDERCONE

• COMPOSITE or STRATOVOLCANO
SHIELD
•Quiet volcano

•Lava flows

•Basaltic lava

•Broad volcano with

gently sloping sides

•Fissures

•Hawaiian volcanoes
CINDER CONE
• Explosive volcano

• Tephra thrown into

air – tephra bits of
rock or solid lava

• Granitic lava

• Steep sided and

loosely packed

• Paricutin
 tephra
Volcanic cinders
Volcanic ash

Volcanic bombs

Volcanic blocks
COMPOSITE
•Stratovolcano is
another name

•Varies between quiet

and violent eruptions

•Explosive period
erupts gas and ash
forming a tephra layer

•Quieter period erupts

lava over the tephra
layer
 Virtual Volcano
• Building volcanoes packet

• http://kids.discovery.com/games/build-play/v
olcano-explorer

• Laptops!
Volcano Skits
 Types of Rock Features from
Volcanoes
• Batholith
• Sills
• Dikes
• Volcanic neck
• Calderas
 Batholith
• Largest intrusive
rock body
• Hundreds of
kilometers wide
and long; several
km thick
• Magma cools and
hardens before
reaching surface
 Sills
• Intrusive rock
• Magma is
forced into a
crack parallel to
rock layers and
hardens
 Dikes
• Intrusive rock
• Magma is forced
into a crack that
cuts across rock
layers and
hardens
 Volcanic Necks
• Volcano stops
erupting and the
magma hardens
inside the vent
• Erosion wears
away the volcano
• The inside (core)
is left as a
volcanic neck
 Calderas
• Magma chamber
empties
• The top of a
volcano collapses
• A large depression
is formed
• Water fills it and
creates a lake
 What are the benefits of
volcanoes?
• Valuable elements such as silver, gold, sulfur,
zinc and copper are found in magma; the
elements form minerals and miners discover
them
• Magma heats underground water and that
produces heat and electricity that is clean and
renewable

Renewable
energy
source
Recreation
 Preserves history
• Pompeii/Herculaneum
• Nebraska – fossils of animals buried in ash
 Java, Indonesia
• Has active
volcanoes
• Have grown
rice in the
same plot for
centuries
• Ash helps
renew the soil
Cooking eggs in the steam of a hot
spring in Beppu, Japan
Ol Doinyo Lengai – African volcano
Ash turns into sodium bicarbonate – baking
soda ingredient; wind carries the ash from
Tanzania to Kenya where it is mined.
 Underwater volcano vents
• 1.5 miles beneath the surface of the ocean 12
foot worms collect around the vents of volcanoes
Silversword plants grow only on the
volcanic islands of Maui and Hawaii. It
is an endangered species.
 Bison gather around the hotsprings of
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. A magma
chamber beneath Yellowstone heats its
hotsprings.
Build islands
 My personal favorite…
…chocolate!

Chocolate comes
from plants that
grow best in
volcanic soil!
Negative Effects of Volcanoes
 Play Review Game
• Under my documents “Volcano Review Game”
   Some deep, underground rocks are so hot that a drop in pressure
  can cause them to form magma.

Let’s review  
 
 
 
Deep in Earth's interior, most of Earth's mantle is molten, liquid
magma.

our chapter
   
  Magma is forced quickly toward Earth's surface because it is more
  dense than the rock around it.

concepts:
   
  Most volcanic eruptions occur near plate boundaries or locations
  called hot spots.
   
  Magma that is deep underground can contain water vapor and
  other gases.
   
  Water vapor in magma usually produces volcanoes that erupt
  quietly with lava that flows smoothly.
   
  Some volcanoes can form without lava flows.
   

  Most of the magma that forms underground never reaches

  Earth's surface to form volcanoes.
   

  When a volcano stops erupting, the magma inside the vent

  sinks deep into the Earth, forming a bottomless pit.
 K-W-L
What do I What do I What did I
know about want to know learn about
volcanoes? about volcanoes?
volcanoes?
• Show the united streaming video
http://mail.colonial.net/~hkaiter/
volcanoesthree.html

really good website