1.2 - Development of Roads

A presentation on
Presented By:
Dr. Jitendra Gurjar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Srinagar

Contents
• Historic Development
• Road Development in India
History
• Roads have been in use
for thousands of years
• Part of Persian and
Roman Empires
• 4000 BC defined
pathways used to travel
& transport goods.
• 3000 BC wheel invented
– used with carts &
wagons
• 2000 BC road builders
began to consider width
of roads, grades,
materials, curves.
Historic Development
Roman Roads
During roman civilization (312 BC) many roads were built of stone
blocks of considerable thickness. The main features of the roman
roads are:
• They were built straight
regardless of gradients.
• The soft soil was
excavated and removed till
hard stratum was reached.
• The total thickness of the
construction was as 0.75
to 1.2 meteres.
Roman Roads
• They mixed lime and volcanic
pozzolana to make mortar and
they added gravel to this
mortar to make concrete.
• Concrete was a major Roman
road making innovation.
• Romans are called as Pioneer
of road construction.
• The Appian way was
constructed for 580km length.
Tresaguet Construction
Pierre Tresaguet developed a improved method in France in 1964.
The main features of Tresaguet construction are:
• Thickness of construction
was 30cm.
• Subgrade prepared by
hand laying large
foundation stones.
• Submerged kerb stones
were given.
Tresaguet Construction
• Submerged kerb stones were

given.Broken stone were filled at
the centre and compacted.
• Top wearing course was smaller
stones for 5cm at edge and
increasing at center. Slope 1 in 45
was provided for drainage.
• Shoulders with cross drain
Metcalf Construction
John Metcalf (1717-1810 AD) was engaged in road construction in
England.
» He followed the
recommendations made by
Robert Phillips.
» Metcalf was responsible for
the construction of 290 km of
road in northern England.
» Much of his work was not
recorded snipping
Telford Construction
Thomas Telford (1751 – 1834 AD), the founder of the institution of
civil engineers in London began road construction in the early 19th
century.
» He also believed in using heavy foundation stones above

the soil subgrade in order to keep the road foundation firm.
» He insisted on providing a definite cross slope for top
surface of the pavement by varying the thickness of
foundation stones.
» Subgrade is kept horizontal and hence subgrade drainage
was not proper.
Macadam Construction
The first method based on scientific thinking and developed by John
Macadam in England in 1827.
» It was realized that the

stresses due to wheel loads of
traffic gets decreased to the
lower layers of the pavement
and therefore it is not
required to provide large
boulders and stones or soling
course at the lower layer of
the pavement.
Macadam Construction
» The importance of subgrade
draining and compaction was
recognized and cross slope
of 1 in 36 was proposed from
subgrade level itself.
» The total thickness of the
construction was as 25cm
» Uniform thickness is provided
for subbase and base course.
Road Development in India
• India has a large road network of over 5.90 million kilometre of

roadways (3.66million miles), as of 31st Jan 2019 making it 2nd
largest road network in the world followed by U.S (6.58 million
km).
• At 1.70 km of roads per square kilometre of land, the density of
India’s highway network is higher than that of Japan (0.91) and
the United States (0.98) and far higher than that of China
(0.46) , Brazil's (0.18) or Russia (0.08).
• Ancient Period (3500 BC)
• Mughul Period (15th Century)
• British Period (17th & 18th Century)
• Free India (1950 onwards)

» Indus Valley Civilization :
 Roads with brick drains on both sides.
» Mauryan rule in the 4th century constructed
 Rajpath (high roads)
 Banikpaths (merchant roads).
» Ashoka Regime:
Road networks with horticulture and rest houses at 4.8 –
6.4km along the roads.
» Mughul Period
Trunk roads between Northwest to Eastern part and also
linking coastal and central part of India
» British Period
 Trunk roads, bridges, PWD was formed, construction of
Grand Trunk Road.
Road Development in India
• Jayakar Committee (1927)
• Central Road Fund (1929)
• Indian Roads Congress (IRC), 1934
• Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), 1950
• Motor Vehicle Act (1936)
• National Highway Authority of India (NHAI),1995
• Twenty Year Road Development Plan
• First Twenty Year Road Plan (1943-61)
• Second Twenty Year Road Plan (1961-81)
• Third Twenty Year Road Plan (1981-2001)
Jayakar Committee, 1927
• After the first World War, motor vehicle using the roads
increases, this demanded a better road network.
• In 1927, Indian road development committee was
appointed by the government with M.R. Jaykar as
chairman.
• Road development in the country should be made as a
national interest since local govt. do not have financial
and technical capacity for road development.
Jayakar Committee,1927
• An extra tax should be levied on petrol from road users

to create the road development fund.
• To establish a semi-official ,technical institution to pool
technical knowledge, sharing of ideas and to act as an
advisory body.
• To create a national level institution to carry research ,
development works and consultation.
» The revenue collected is initially credited to the Consolidated
Fund of India and after adjusting for the cost of collection,
Parliament through its appropriation bill, credits such proceeds to
the Central Road fund (CRF).
» The CRF is thereafter distributed amongst three Ministries i.e.

Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Railways and
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways in the manner
prescribed under Section 10 (viii) of the Central Road Fund Act,
2000.
» Around Rs.20,000 crores get collected under CRF per annum
(during the years 2012-14).
» Government is at present collecting Additional Excise Duty

(Road Cess) on Petrol and Diesel at Rs 2.00 per litre
» Penalties for violating traffic norms including Rs 10,000 fine for
not giving way to emergency vehicles.
» The Bill includes penalties in the range of Rs 1,000- 2,000 for
over-speeding.
» Driving without insurance will be punishable with Rs 2,000 fine,
while driving without helmets will attract Rs 1,000 fine and 3-
month suspension of license.

» Drunken driving under the proposed new law would attract a
fine of Rs 10,000.
» Those not wearing seat belts would attract Rs 1,000 fine.

» The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways is a ministry of
the Government of India.
» It is the apex body for formulation and administration of the
rules, regulations and laws relating to road transport, transport
research and in also to increase the mobility and efficiency of
the road transport system in India.
» Through its officers of Central Engineering Services (Roads)
cadre it is responsible for the development of National
Highways of the country.
» Road transport is a critical infrastructure for economic
development of the country.
» It influences the pace, structure and pattern of development. In
India, roads are used to transport over 60 percent of the total
goods and 85 percent of the passenger traffic.
» Hence, development of this sector is of paramount importance for
India and accounts for a significant part.
» Since May 2014, the Minister for Road Transport and Highways
is Nitin Gadkari
• The total length of the first category or mettalled roads for NH, SH and
MDR in km is given by the formula as follows:
• Where,
A is agricultural area sqkm
B is non agricultural area sqkm
N number of towns and villages with population range 2001-5000
T number of towns and villages with population over 5000
D development allowance of 15% of road length for next 20 years
R is existing length of railway track , km.
The total length of secondary category of roads or un surfaced
roads in (km) is given by the formula:
ODR + VR (km) = [0.32V+0.8Q+1.6P+3.2S] + D
Where,
V is number of villages with population 500 or less
Q number of villages with population range 501-1000
P number of villages with population range 1001 -2000
S number of villages with population range 2001 -5000
D development allowance of 15% for next 20 years
Q. The following data were collected for planning the road
development program of a backward district.
1.Total Area= 9600 sq km,
2.Agricultural and developed area= 3200 sq km,
3.Existing railway track length= 105 km,
4.Existing length of mettalled road= 322 km,
5.Existing length of unmettalled road= 450 km
6.Number of towns and villages in different population ranges are:
Calculate the additional lengths as per Nagpur road plan formulae for
district.
• Where,
A =Developed is agricultural area sq km
B =Semi developed area sqkm
C=Undeveloped area sqkm
K= number of towns with population 100000
M= number of towns with population range 50000-100000
N =number of towns with population range 20000-50000
P= number of towns with population range 10000-20000
Q= number of towns with population range 5000-10000
R= number of towns with population range 2000-5000
S= number of towns with population range 1000-2000
T= number of towns with population range 500-1000
V= number of towns with population below 500
D= development allowance of 5% of road length for further development
Q. The following data were collected for planning the road
development program of a district.
S. Population No. of
No. Range Towns
Calculate the lengths of NH, 1 <500 200
SH, MDR, ODR and village
2 500-1000 350
road as per Bombay road plan
required in a district with a 3 1000-2000 750
total area of 20000 sq. km, 4 2000-5000 360
developed, semi developed, 5 5000-10000 150
and undeveloped areas being 6 10000-20000 80
45%, 30% and 25% of the 7 20000-50000 25
district respectively
8 50000-100000 10
>100000 5
(higher of these
two criteria)
(higher of these
two criteria)
(higher of these
two criteria)
Q. The area of a certain district in India is 80000 sq. km and there are
86 towns and 200 villages as per census 1981 census. Determine the
length of different categories of roads to be provided in the district
using third road development plan.

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A presentation on

Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Srinagar

• Submerged kerb stones were

» He also believed in using heavy foundation stones above

» It was realized that the

• India has a large road network of over 5.90 million kilometre of

• Mughul Period (15th Century)

• British Period (17th & 18th Century)

• Free India (1950 onwards)

• An extra tax should be levied on petrol from road users

» The CRF is thereafter distributed amongst three Ministries i.e.

» Government is at present collecting Additional Excise Duty

not giving way to emergency vehicles.

» The Bill includes penalties in the range of Rs 1,000- 2,000 for

» Driving without insurance will be punishable with Rs 2,000 fine,

while driving without helmets will attract Rs 1,000 fine and 3-

month suspension of license.

» Those not wearing seat belts would attract Rs 1,000 fine.

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