INTRODUCTI

ON
…
Reporter:
Bagasbas, Rose Marie
Lumbre, Catherine
12-Aristotle
 RESEARCH
 is a key to progress.
 there can be no progress without research in
almost if not all human endeavors.
 in government, in education, in trade and
commerce, and in all types and kinds of
industries, research is vital and essential.
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH
(1) Good defines research as a “careful,
critical, disciplined inquiry, varying in
technique and method according to the
nature and conditions of the problem
identified, directed toward the clarification
or resolution (or both) of a problem.”
 (Good, p. 464)
 DEFINITIONS OF
RESEARCH
(2) For Aquino, “research is, simply, the
systematic search for pertinent information on
a specific topic or problem. After a careful,
systematic search for pertinent information or
data on a specific topic or problem, and after the
research worker has analyzed and interpreted the
data, he eventually faces another essential task-
that of preparing the research report.”
 (Aquino, p. 1)
 DEFINITIONS OF
RESEARCH
(3) Research has been defined as “the
process of gathering data or information
to solve a particular or specific problem in a
scientific manner.”
 (Manuel and Model, p. 5)
 DEFINITIONS OF
RESEARCH
(4) Parel defines research as a “systematic
study or investigation of something for
the purpose of answering questions posed
by the researcher.”
 (Cited by Sanchez, p. 2)
 DEFINITIONS OF
RESEARCH
(5) Treece and Treece commented that
“research in its broadest sense is an attempt
to gain solutions to problems. More
precisely, it is the collection of data in a
rigorously controlled situation for the
purpose of prediction or explanation.”
 (Treece and Treece, p. 3)
 Formulated in a more comprehensive form,
research may be defined as a purposive,
systematic and scientific process of gathering,
analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting,
and interpreting data for the solution of a
problem, for prediction, for invention, for the
discovery of truth, or for the expansion or
verification of existing knowledge, all for the
preservation and improvement of the quality
of human life.
 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
(AIMS, OBJECTIVES, GOALS)
 The definition of research says that research is
purposive.
 The main or principal purpose and goal of
research is the preservation and improvement
of the quality of human life.
 “The purpose of research is to serve man,” and
“The goal of research is the good life.”
 (Good and Scates, pp. 9,14)
 “To satisfy man’s craving for more
understanding, to improve his judgement,
to add to his power, to reduce the burden
of work, to relieve suffering, and to
increase satisfactions in multitudinous
ways – these are the large and fundamental
goals of research.”
 (Good and Scates, p. 15)
MORE SPECIFIC PURPOSES
AND GOALS OF RESEARCH
1) To discover new facts about known
phenomena.
Ex. (Alcohol is a known phenomenon and
research may turn it into a kind of fuel
equal in quality to gasoline)
 MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
2) To find answers to problems which are only
partially solved by existing methods and
information.
Ex. (Cancer is a serious disease which is only
partially cured by present methods but due to
intensive and continuous research, the disease may
be eradicated later on)
 MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
3) Improve existing techniques and develop
new instruments or products.
Ex. (This goal envisages the invention of new
gadgets and machines, food products and
others used by man)
 MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
4) To discover previously unrecognized
substances or elements.
Ex. (Previously we had only 92 elements but
due to research we now have more than 100)
 MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
5) Discover pathways of action of known
substances and elements.
Ex. (Due to research we come to know the
dangers from the abusive use of unprescribed
drugs and some poisonous substances)
o These are suggested by French (Treece and

Treece, Jr., p. 5)
 MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH

6) To order related, valid generalizations

into systematized science. Schlotfeldt. (Ibid.)
o The result of this purpose of research is the

science we are now studying in school.

 MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
7) To provide basis for decision-making in
business, industry, education, government,
and in other undertakings.
Ex. One approach in decision-making is the
research approach. (Gore and Dyson, p. 65).
(This is basing important decisions upon the
results of research)
 MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH

8) To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity.

(Sanchez, p. 3)
Ex. (Edison was curious about how a hen
hatches her eggs and made a research on that
and he invented the incubator)
 MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
9) To find answers to queries by means of
scientific methods.
Ex. One important question that may be
asked which can be answered only by means
of research is: (In what setting is life
expectancy higher, in the city or in the
barrio?)
 MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
10) To acquire a better and deeper
understanding about one phenomenon that
can be known and understood better by
research.
Ex. Why women are generally smaller than
men?
 MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
11) To expand or verify existing knowledge.
This usually happens when researchers are
replicated.
Ex. Newly discovered facts may be found to
expand knowledge gained from a previous
research or verified if the same facts are found.
 IN RELATION TO PURPOSES NOS. 2 AND 3, THE
FOLLOWING MAY BE ADDED TO THE LIST OF
PURPOSES

12) To improve educational practices for

raising the quality of school products.
o Research surveys often result in the

revision of curricula and instructional

innovations to maximize the effectiveness
of the learning process.
IN RELATION TO PURPOSES NOS. 2 AND 3, THE
FOLLOWING MAY BE ADDED TO THE LIST OF
PURPOSES

13) To promote health and prolong life.

o This purpose is very obviously

demonstrated in pharmaceutical,
nutritional, and medical research.
 IN RELATION TO PURPOSES NOS. 2 AND 3, THE
FOLLOWING MAY BE ADDED TO THE LIST OF
PURPOSES

14) To provide man with more of his basic

needs – more and better food, clothing,
shelter, etc.
Ex. The work of the International Rice
Research Institute in Los Baños, Laguna.
 IN RELATION TO PURPOSES NOS. 2
AND 3, THE FOLLOWING MAY BE
ADDED TO THE LIST OF PURPOSES
15) To make work, travel, and communication
faster, easier, and more comfortable.
Ex. Due to research airplanes are made to fly
faster, land vehicles to run faster, labor-saving
machines have been invented and improved, radio
and television bring news immediately to the
remote areas, and more wonders of electricity are
making life easier and better.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
GOOD RESEARCH
 Crawford, from his definition, has given some
characteristics of research as follows: (Quoted
by Aquino, p. 1)
 Research is simply a systematic and refined
technique of thinking, employing specialized
tools, instruments and procedures in order to
obtain a more adequate solution of a problem
than would be possible under ordinary means.
 CRAWFORD
 It starts with a problem, collects data
or facts, analyze these critically, and
reaches decisions based on actual
evidence.
 It involves original work instead of a
mere exercise of personal opinion.
 It
evolves from a genuine desire to know
rather than a desire to prove something,
seeking to know not only what but how
much, and measurement is therefore a
central feature of it.
 AQUINO, P. 2
1) Research gathers new knowledge or data
from primary or first-hand sources.
2) Research is expert, systematic and
accurate investigation.
3) Research is logical and objective,
applying every possible test to verify the
data collected and the procedures
employed.
 AQUINO, P. 2
4) Research endeavors to organize data
in quantitative terms, if possible, and
express them as numerical measures.
5) Research is carefully recorded and
reported.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)

1) Research is systematic…
o It follows an orderly and sequential

procedure that leads to the discovery of

truth, solution of a problem, or
whatever is aimed to be discovered.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)
2) Research is controlled…
o All variables except those that are
tested or being experimented upon are
kept constant so that the changes made
on the subjects of the study can be
attributed only to the experimental
variable.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)

3) Research is empirical…
o All the procedures employed and
the data gathered are perceived in
the same manner by all observers.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)

4) Research is analytical…
o There is a critical analysis of all the
data used so that there is no error in
their interpretation.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)

5) Research is objective, unbiased, and

logical…
o All the findings and conclusions are

logically based on empirical data and no

effort is made to alter the results of the
research.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)
6) Research employs hypothesis…
o To guide the investigation process.
o In experimental studies, hypotheses are

expressly stated.
o In descriptive studies, the specific subproblems

or specific questions serve as the hypotheses and

the hypotheses are tested and not proved.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)
7) Research employs quantitative or
statistical methods…
o Data are transformed into numerical

measures and are treated statistically

to determine their significance or
usefulness.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)

8) Research is original work…

o Except in historical research, data are
gathered from primary sources or first
hand sources and not from secondary
sources usually printed materials
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)
9) Research is done by an expert…
o The researcher uses valid and carefully
designed procedures, valid data
gathering instruments, and valid data.
o He subjects his data to expert scrutiny.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)

10) Research is accurate investigation,

observation and description…
o All conclusions are based on actual

evidence.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)
11) Research is patient and unhurried activity…
o Research that is hurriedly done or conducted
carelessly due to racing against time may lead
to shaky conclusions and generalizations.
o This is to ensure accuracy.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)

12) Research requires an effort-making

capacity…
o No one without any effort-making capacity

can conduct a research because research

involves much work and time.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)

13) Research requires courage…

o At times the researcher encounters public
and social disapproval. Also, disagreements
with colleagues may arise.
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESEARCH AND
PROBLEM-SOLVING
Research Problem-solving
1. There may not be a problem, only 1. There is always a problem to be
interest in answering a question or a solved.
query.

2. A research problem is more rigorous 2. A problem to be solved is less rigorous

and broader in scope. and less broad.

3. The research problem is not 3. The problem to be solved has to be

necessarily defined specifically. defined specifically and identified
definitely.

4. All research is intended to solve some 4. Problem-solving does not always

kind of problem, but this is not the involve research.
primary aim.
 Research Problem-solving

5. Research is conducted not primarily 5. Problem-solving is always intended to

to solve a problem but to make a solve a problem.
contribution to general knowledge.

6. Research is concerned with broad 6. Problem-solving is concerned with a

problems, recurrent phenomena, and specific problem and once the problem is
wide application through generalization. solved that is the end of it.
o It is concerned with defining and
outlining the properties of
phenomena, with forecasting future
occurrences so that they may be
predicted and controlled. (Folta and
Deck)
 KINDS AND
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
RESEARCH
1) According to purpose…
a. Predictive
b. Directive
c. Illuminative
(Treece and Treece, Jr., p. 5)
 KINDS AND
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
RESEARCH
2) According to goal…
a. Basic or Pure Research
b. Applied Research
 KINDS AND
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
RESEARCH
3) According to the levels of
investigation…
a. Exploratory Research
b. Descriptive Research
c. Experimental Research
(Treece and Treece, Jr., p. 6)
 KINDS AND
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
RESEARCH
4) According to the type of
analysis…
a. Analytic Approach
b. Holistic Approach
(Treece and Treece, Jr., p. 6)
 KINDS AND
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
RESEARCH
5) According to scope…
a. Action Research – this type of
research is done on a very limited
scope to solve a particular problem
which is not so big. It is almost
problem-solving.
 KINDS AND
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
RESEARCH
6) According to choice of answers to
problems…
a. Evaluation Research
b. Developmental Research
(Treece and Treece, Jr., p. 6)
 KINDS AND
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
RESEARCH
7) According to statistical
content…
a. Quantitative or Statistical
Research
b. Non-quantitative Research
 KINDS AND
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
RESEARCH
8) According to time element…
a. Historical Research describes what
was.
b. Descriptive Research describes what
is.
c. Experimental Research describes what
will be.
(Treece and Treece, Jr., p. 6)
 SOME HINDRANCES TO SCIENTIFIC
INQUIRY (ERRORS IN PERSONAL
JUDGMENT) (BABBIE, PP. 6-16)

1. Tradition – this is accepting that customs,

beliefs, practices, and superstitions are true and are
parts of the daily lives of men.
2. Authority – This is accepting without question,
an opinion about a certain subject which is given
by someone who is considered an authority on the
subject.
SOME HINDRANCES TO SCIENTIFIC
INQUIRY (ERRORS IN PERSONAL
JUDGMENT) (BABBIE, PP. 6-16)

3. Inaccurate Observation – this is

describing wrongly what is actually
observed.
4. Overgeneralization – this is
establishing a pattern out of a few
instances.
SOME HINDRANCES TO SCIENTIFIC
INQUIRY (ERRORS IN PERSONAL
JUDGMENT) (BABBIE, PP. 6-16)

5. Selective Observation – this is persisting to

believe an observed pattern from an
overgeneralization and ignoring other
pertinent patterns.
6. Made-up Information – this is making up
information to explain away confusion.
 SOME HINDRANCES TO SCIENTIFIC
INQUIRY (ERRORS IN PERSONAL
JUDGMENT) (BABBIE, PP. 6-16)

7. Illogical reasoning – this is attributing

something to another without any logical basis.
8. Ego-involvement in understanding – this is
giving an explanation when one finds himself in
an unfavorable situation.
 SOME HINDRANCES TO SCIENTIFIC
INQUIRY (ERRORS IN PERSONAL
JUDGMENT) (BABBIE, PP. 6-16)

9. Mystification – this is attributing to supernatural

power, the phenomena that cannot be understood.
10. To err is human – this is an attitude that admits the
fallibility of man.
11. Dogmatism – this is an unwritten policy of certain
institutions and governments prohibiting the study of
topics that are believed to run counter to the established
doctrines of such institutions or governments.
 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF
RESEARCH
1. Determining (recognizing) the problem;
2. Forming a hypothesis;
3. Doing the library search;
4. Designing the study;
5. Developing the instruments for collecting data;
6. Collecting the data;
7. Analyzing the data;
8. Determining implications and conclusions from the
findings; and
9. Making recommendations for further research.
 Chapter 1 – “The Problem and Its Setting”
(first two steps)
 Chapter 2 – “Related Literature and Studies”
(third step)
 Chapter 3 – “Methods of Research and
Procedures” (4th to 6th steps)
 Chapter 4 – “Analysis, Presentation, and
Interpretation of Data” (7th step)
 Chapter 5 – “Summary, Conclusions, and
Recommendations” (last two steps)
PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
(IBID., P. 50)

1. Rigid Control,
2. Objectivity,
3. Systematic organization, and
4. Rigorous standards
 Rigid control – refers to the manipulation of
the research variables.
 Variables – are those things that vary in
quantity and quality which are to be manipulated
by the researcher.
Ex. Age
Sex
Population
Adequacy
Efficiency
etc.
 Objectivity – means that there should be no
bias or partiality in treating the results of the
inquiry.
 Systematic organization – refers to proper
and accurate tabulation of data as well as
presenting them in statistical tables ready for
interpretation.
 Rigorous standards – refers to the setting up
of standards or principles which serve as bases
for evaluating the findings of a study.
 DESIGNING THE STUDY
 must follow the scientific method of
research.
 also includes deciding on the method of
research to be used, the study population, the
instrument for gathering data and its
preparation, the sampling design, statistical
treatment of data, and analysis and
presentation of data.
3 MAJOR RESEARCH METHODS

 Historical
 Descriptive
 Experimental
DIFFERENT METHODS OF
COLLECTING DATA
 Interview
 Questionnaire
 Observation
 Tests
 Preparation of their respective
instruments
THANK
YOU
