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Introduction Bagasbas&Lumbre
Introduction Bagasbas&Lumbre
ON
…
Reporter:
Bagasbas, Rose Marie
Lumbre, Catherine
12-Aristotle
RESEARCH
is a key to progress.
there can be no progress without research in
almost if not all human endeavors.
in government, in education, in trade and
commerce, and in all types and kinds of
industries, research is vital and essential.
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH
(1) Good defines research as a “careful,
critical, disciplined inquiry, varying in
technique and method according to the
nature and conditions of the problem
identified, directed toward the clarification
or resolution (or both) of a problem.”
(Good, p. 464)
DEFINITIONS OF
RESEARCH
(2) For Aquino, “research is, simply, the
systematic search for pertinent information on
a specific topic or problem. After a careful,
systematic search for pertinent information or
data on a specific topic or problem, and after the
research worker has analyzed and interpreted the
data, he eventually faces another essential task-
that of preparing the research report.”
(Aquino, p. 1)
DEFINITIONS OF
RESEARCH
(3) Research has been defined as “the
process of gathering data or information
to solve a particular or specific problem in a
scientific manner.”
(Manuel and Model, p. 5)
DEFINITIONS OF
RESEARCH
(4) Parel defines research as a “systematic
study or investigation of something for
the purpose of answering questions posed
by the researcher.”
(Cited by Sanchez, p. 2)
DEFINITIONS OF
RESEARCH
(5) Treece and Treece commented that
“research in its broadest sense is an attempt
to gain solutions to problems. More
precisely, it is the collection of data in a
rigorously controlled situation for the
purpose of prediction or explanation.”
(Treece and Treece, p. 3)
Formulated in a more comprehensive form,
research may be defined as a purposive,
systematic and scientific process of gathering,
analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting,
and interpreting data for the solution of a
problem, for prediction, for invention, for the
discovery of truth, or for the expansion or
verification of existing knowledge, all for the
preservation and improvement of the quality
of human life.
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
(AIMS, OBJECTIVES, GOALS)
The definition of research says that research is
purposive.
The main or principal purpose and goal of
research is the preservation and improvement
of the quality of human life.
“The purpose of research is to serve man,” and
“The goal of research is the good life.”
(Good and Scates, pp. 9,14)
“To satisfy man’s craving for more
understanding, to improve his judgement,
to add to his power, to reduce the burden
of work, to relieve suffering, and to
increase satisfactions in multitudinous
ways – these are the large and fundamental
goals of research.”
(Good and Scates, p. 15)
MORE SPECIFIC PURPOSES
AND GOALS OF RESEARCH
1) To discover new facts about known
phenomena.
Ex. (Alcohol is a known phenomenon and
research may turn it into a kind of fuel
equal in quality to gasoline)
MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
2) To find answers to problems which are only
partially solved by existing methods and
information.
Ex. (Cancer is a serious disease which is only
partially cured by present methods but due to
intensive and continuous research, the disease may
be eradicated later on)
MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
3) Improve existing techniques and develop
new instruments or products.
Ex. (This goal envisages the invention of new
gadgets and machines, food products and
others used by man)
MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
4) To discover previously unrecognized
substances or elements.
Ex. (Previously we had only 92 elements but
due to research we now have more than 100)
MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
5) Discover pathways of action of known
substances and elements.
Ex. (Due to research we come to know the
dangers from the abusive use of unprescribed
drugs and some poisonous substances)
o These are suggested by French (Treece and
Treece, Jr., p. 5)
MORE SPECIFIC
PURPOSES AND GOALS
OF RESEARCH
demonstrated in pharmaceutical,
nutritional, and medical research.
IN RELATION TO PURPOSES NOS. 2 AND 3, THE
FOLLOWING MAY BE ADDED TO THE LIST OF
PURPOSES
1) Research is systematic…
o It follows an orderly and sequential
3) Research is empirical…
o All the procedures employed and
the data gathered are perceived in
the same manner by all observers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)
4) Research is analytical…
o There is a critical analysis of all the
data used so that there is no error in
their interpretation.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)
expressly stated.
o In descriptive studies, the specific subproblems
evidence.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)
11) Research is patient and unhurried activity…
o Research that is hurriedly done or conducted
carelessly due to racing against time may lead
to shaky conclusions and generalizations.
o This is to ensure accuracy.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
(SUMMARY)
1. Rigid Control,
2. Objectivity,
3. Systematic organization, and
4. Rigorous standards
Rigid control – refers to the manipulation of
the research variables.
Variables – are those things that vary in
quantity and quality which are to be manipulated
by the researcher.
Ex. Age
Sex
Population
Adequacy
Efficiency
etc.
Objectivity – means that there should be no
bias or partiality in treating the results of the
inquiry.
Systematic organization – refers to proper
and accurate tabulation of data as well as
presenting them in statistical tables ready for
interpretation.
Rigorous standards – refers to the setting up
of standards or principles which serve as bases
for evaluating the findings of a study.
DESIGNING THE STUDY
must follow the scientific method of
research.
also includes deciding on the method of
research to be used, the study population, the
instrument for gathering data and its
preparation, the sampling design, statistical
treatment of data, and analysis and
presentation of data.
3 MAJOR RESEARCH METHODS
Historical
Descriptive
Experimental
DIFFERENT METHODS OF
COLLECTING DATA
Interview
Questionnaire
Observation
Tests
Preparation of their respective
instruments
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