Research &

Referencing
 IB Academic Honesty
Policy
• 1.2. ‘An authentic piece of work is one that is based
on the candidate’s individual and original ideas with
the ideas and work of others fully acknowledged’.

• 1.3. ‘In understanding the concept of intellectual

property candidates must at least be aware that
forms of intellectual and creative expression (for
example, works of literature, art or music) must be
respected and are normally protected by law.’

Academic honesty: guidance for schools. 2003. Geneva. International Baccalaureate Organization. p. 2
 Malpractice
2.1 Malpractice includes:

• Plagiarism: this is defined as the representation of the ideas or

work of another person as the candidate’s own

• Collusion: this is defined as supporting malpractice by another

candidate, as in allowing one’s work to be copied or submitted
for assessment by another

• Duplication of work: this is defined as the presentation of the

same work for different assessment components and/or diploma
requirements

• Any other behaviour that gains an unfair advantage for a

candidate or that affects the results of another candidate (for
example, taking unauthorized material into an examination room,
misconduct during an examination, falsifying a CAS record).
Academic honesty: guidance for schools. 2003. Geneva. International Baccalaureate Organization. p. 2
 Plagiarism
According to the definition given in the 1997
New Webster's Encyclopaedic Dictionary
of the English Language, plagiarism is "the
unauthorized use of the language and
thoughts of another author and the
representation of them as one's own"
(508).

http://edc.carleton.ca/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/061013_internet_citing1.gif
 Forms of Plagiarism
Downloading a free Buying a paper from a
research paper free research mill

Copying an article
from the web or e-
Translating a foreign database
article into English Cutting and pasting
from various sources

Changing some words but

copying whole phrases
Quoting less than the Paraphrasing/
words copied Summarizing without
attribution

Faking a citation
 What is referencing?

All ideas and work of other persons,

regardless of their source, must be
acknowledged
 How to Reference
• You can give the source of your ideas in 3 ways:
– Quoting
– Summarizing
– Paraphrasing

• All three should contain an in-text reference including:

– the author's family name
– the date of publication
– the page number(s); e.g. Yule (3)
All three should also have a reference in the bibliography.
 Quoting – in text
'Quoting' means using the exact same words as the
original author. There are 3 ways you can do this:

1. Quotation integrated with the text. This is for shorter

pieces of text; e.g. from one word up to two sentences.

Example:
At the beginning of "The Five Orange Pips," for example,
Watson notes that this adventure is one of the "many
which present strange and interesting features,“ (Doyle
100)
 Quoting-Ellipsis
2. Quotation using ellipsis ( ... ) to omit certain
words, phrases or sentences from the original. You
can do this to miss out any unnecessary
information.

Example:
As if this weren't enough, John Openshaw, the man
who brings the case to Holmes, describes his problem as
"no ordinary one" (102), and adds that he doubts
"whether . . .  you have ever listened to a more
mysterious and inexplicable chain of events“ (Doyle
103).
 Quoting-Paragraphs
3. Quotation in an indented (narrow margins)
paragraph, without quotation marks. This is for
longer pieces of text, for example, for paragraphs.

Example:
Watson points out:
There is, however, one of these [cases] last which was
so remarkable in its details and so startling in its
results that I am tempted to give some account of it
in spite of the fact that there are points in
connection with it which never have been, and
probably never will be, entirely cleared up. (Doyle 3)
 Quoting-Phrases
4. Phrases that you can use for quoting include, 'As
stated by...'(an author or authors), 'As stated
in...'(books, articles or papers), 'In the view of....'(an
author or authors).

Example:
According to Watson (3-4), “his face was pale and his
eyes heavy, like those of a man who is weighed down
with some great anxiety”.
 Summarizing
Summarizing is writing in brief what the author says.
Summarizing is useful because:
• you can miss out unnecessary details, such as examples
• you can use less words than the author, and therefore
reduce the number of words in your writing

Summary Guidelines
• A summary should have about 50% or less words than
the words that you are summarizing.
• A summary should have both an in-text reference and a
reference in the bibliography.
 Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means using the ideas of an author, but not using his or
her exact words. However, the meaning should be the same. You
can do this, for example, to say that 2 different authors have the
same opinion, and give the opinion as a paraphrase. This shows that
you can categorise ideas.
Example:
According to Yule (3-4) and Grundy (5), pragmatics is about how
people understand each other's meaning from their words.

Paraphrasing Phrases
• Other phrases besides 'According to...' that you can use to do this
include: 'As stated by...'(an author or authors), 'As stated
in...'(books, articles or papers), 'In the view of....(an author or
authors).
Authentic Sources – Initial
Appraisal

• Author
• Date of Publication
• Edition or Revision
• Publisher
• Title of Journal/Website/Article/
Book, etc.
• Scholarly Journals
 Authentic Sources-
‘academic, peer-reviewed, or refereed journals’
• Have an abstract, a descriptive summary of the article contents, before
the main text of the article.

• Cite their sources in the form of footnotes or bibliographies. These

bibliographies are generally lengthy and cite other scholarly writings.

• Articles are written by a scholar in the field or by someone who has done
research in the field. The affiliations of the authors are listed, usually at
the bottom of the first page or at the end of the article-universities,
research institutions, think tanks, and the like.

• The main purpose of a scholarly journal is to report on original research or

experimentation in order to make such information available to the rest of
the scholarly world.

• Many scholarly journals are published by a specific professional

organization.
 Research Databases

EBSCOhost IMS
IMSResearch
Research

Financial Database Services ProQuest

TeleGeography
Two types of referencing
1. In-Text Referencing
• Citing of references within the text of an essay

Direct quotation
Ryken (128) states that ‘… work reaches back to the
very beginning of the world’.

Indirect quotation or paraphrase

Ryken (128) states that work is as old as creation.
 In-text referencing-
footnotes and endnotes
Footnotes and Endnotes are used to give credit to sources of any material
borrowed, summarized or paraphrased. They are intended to refer
readers to the exact pages of the works listed in the Works Cited,
References, or Bibliography section.
Footnotes: placed numerically at the foot of the very same page
where direct references are made
Endnotes: placed numerically at the end of the essay on a separate
page entitled Endnotes or Notes

Example:
2
G. Wayne Miller, King of Hearts: The True Story of
the Maverick Who Pioneered Open Heart Surgery
(New York: Times, 2000) 245.
 Two types of referencing

2. The Bibliography
• Bibliography – list of all works used in preparing
the task

The Bibliography is divided into 2 sections

• Works Cited (or Reference List/References)
&
• Works consulted
 Works Cited

Works Cited (Reference List or

References)

- List of resources that have been

specifically referred to, quoted
and/or paraphrased in the text of the
assessment task.
 Works Consulted

List of all resources that have been read and

or looked at as a part of the preparation
for the assessment task BUT there has
been no specific reference to any of the
listed resources in the text of the
assessment task.
 Do’s and Don’t’s
Do’s Do Not
Begin on a new page. Number entries
Place references in ONE List citations separately by categories
ALPHABETICAL LIST by first words of
citations, regardless of where citations
come from.
Start on the 6th line from the top (or 1"
down from the top of the paper), center,
and type one of the following titles:
Works Cited, References, or
Bibliography.
Double space after the title.
Double-space all lines, both within and
between entries.
Begin the first line of each entry flush
at the left margin. Keep typing until you
run out of room at the end of the line.
Indent 5 spaces for second and
subsequent lines of the same entry.
 Referencing Styles
(MLA, APA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard, CGOS, CBE)

How to reference:

a. In-text citation
b. Books
c. Magazine articles
d. Scholarly Journal articles
e. Newspaper articles
f. Websites
g. Interviews
 In-text citation
In the text of your paper:

The first gambling Web site appeared in 1995, and online

gambling has since become the most lucrative Internet
business (Will 92).
or
George Will reported that in 2002 Internet gambling
surpassed pornography to become the Internet's most
lucrative business (92).

• In your Works Cited list:

Will, George F. "Electronic Morphine." Newsweek 25 Nov. 2002:
92.
 Books
Author. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher,
Year.
a. One author:
Example:
Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993.
b. Two authors:
Example:
Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas
Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar,
2000.
c. Multiple authors:
Example:
Randall, John E., Gerald R. Allen, and Roger C.
Steene. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea.
Honolulu: U of Hawaii P, 1997.
 Practice-Book

Year: 1950
Publisher: Penguin Books
City of Publication: New York
 Magazine Articles
Author. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine Date: Page(s).
• Abbreviate the months (except May, June, July).
• Give complete dates for magazines issued every week or every two weeks, written in
this order: Day Month Year, e.g., 15 Jan. 2000
• If the article is on consecutive pages, specify the page numbers of the entire article,
e.g. 16-20. Give just the last two digits of the second number, when possible, e.g.
188-89, but 196-200
• If the article is not on consecutive pages — if, for example, it begins on page 27, then
skips to page 30, and continues on page 32 — write only the first page number, followed
by a plus sign: 27+.
• Do not give volume and issue numbers for magazine articles.

Examples:
Dominus, Susan. "Why Pretty Isn’t Pretty Enough Anymore." Glamour Jan. 2004: 136+.

Talcott, Richard. "Great Comets." Astronomy May 2004: 36-41.

No Author Given

If no author's name is given, begin with the title of the article.

Example:
• "Qantas Looks to Airbus for Long-Range Aircraft." Aviation Week and Space
Technology 5 Apr. 2004: 22.
 Practice-Magazine Article

Author: Richard Stengel

Pages: 25,27,30
Title: “The New Age”
Date: January 2010
Title of Magazine: Time
 Websites
Complete publication information may not be available for a Web site;
provide what is given.
Entire Internet Site: Scholarly Project or Professional Site

Title of the Site. Editor. Date and/or Version Number. Name of

Sponsoring Institution. Date of Access <URL>.

Example:
Encyclopedia Mythica. 2004. 13 May 2004 <http://www.pantheon.org/>.
Document from a Web Site

Author. "Title of Web Page." Title of the Site. Editor. Date and/or
Version Number. Name of Sponsoring Institution. Date of Access
<URL>.

Example:
Sherman, Chris. "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL."
SearchEngineWatch. Ed. Danny Sullivan. 24 Aug. 2004. 4 Sept. 2004
<http://searchenginewatch.com/searchday/article.php/3398511>.
 Practice-Website

You have just used Sparknotes to obtain a

chapter-wise summary for 1984 by
George Orwell. Cite the reference.
 Scholarly Journal Articles
Journal with Continuous Pagination Through the Volume

Author. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume number (Year): Page(s).

Example:
Davis, William D., Thomas Cleary, Michelle Donnelly, and Samuel Hellerman. "Using
Sensor Signals to Analyze Fires." Fire Technology 39 (2003): 295-308.

Journal with Issues Paged Separately

Author. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume number. Issue number

(Year): Page(s).

• Give both the volume and issue numbers, separated by a period. e.g. volume 12,
no. 8 = 12.8
Example:
Murphy, Karen L., Roseanne DePasquale, and Erin McNamara. "Meaningful
Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms." Young Children 58.6
(2003): 12-18.
 Article in Online Periodicals
Author. "Title of Article." Title of Publication Date:
Page(s) or Section(s), if numbered. Date of Access
<URL>.
Examples:

Gima, Craig. "Whale's Body Found Near Hanalei Bay." Honolulu

Star-Bulletin.com 6 July 2004. 4 Sept. 2004
<http://starbulletin.com/2004/07/06/news/story1.html>.

Gundy, Jess. "The Complexities of Use of Force." Law and

Order Dec 2003. 13 May 2004
<http://www.hendonpub.com/LawMag/catalog.cfm?
dest=itempg&itemid=10350&linkon=category&linkid=87&sec
id=15>.
 Newspaper Articles
Author. "Title of Article." Name of Newspaper Date, edition:
Page(s).

• Take the name of the newspaper from the masthead, but omit
any introductory article: Honolulu Advertiser, not The Honolulu
Advertiser.
• If the city of publication is not part of the newspaper's name,
add it in square brackets: News and Observer [Raleigh, NC]
• Give the complete date, but not the volume and issue numbers.
• Specify the edition of the newspaper, if one is given on the
masthead.
• If the article is not on consecutive pages, write the first page
number and a plus sign: B1+.
Example:
• Daranciang, Nelson. "Sex Offender Web Site Debated."
Honolulu Star-Bulletin 8 Apr. 2004, night final ed.: A3.
 Interviews
Interview Conducted by the Researcher
Person Interviewed. Type of Interview (personal,
telephone, email, etc.). Date.
Example:
Nakamura, Michael. Personal interview. 23 July 2004.

Broadcast Interview
Add information for the television or radio broadcast.
Example:
Clinton, Bill. Interview with Larry King. Larry King Live.
CNN. 24 June 2004.