GE7

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
AND SOCIETY
PREPARED BY: MRS.. PRECIOUS F. ESPALDON
Module 1-4

 Learning Objectives:
 At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
 1. State the meaning of science and Technology.
 2. Describe some notable development of science and technology and its significant to the society.
 3. Describe some disadvantages of science and Technology.
 4. Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and vice versa;
 5. Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history; and
 6. Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines.
Introduction:

Science and Technology indeed play major roles in the everyday life. They make difficult and complicated task easier
and allow people to do more with so little effort and time. The developments in this field are not just products of
people’s imagination or a one-time thought process; they are also brought about by gradual improvements to earlier
works from different time periods. The driving force behind this continuous progress is the desire to raise te quality of
life of the people.

Science may be defined as the system of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method. It was
originally called “Philosophy of the natural world” since it stemmed from the ancient Greeks’ desire to know about
nature. Thus , the first Scientist were called “ philosophers of nature.” They sought to discover the truth behind material
things and natural things. It was the task of the philosophers of nature to observe the world and beyond , and to discover
what makes materials the same and what makes them different. How is a tree not a flower and a flower not a rock?

Science, Technology and Society explores the powerful social, ethical, and political relationships that drive research and
innovation. The program delves into the challenges of living and innovating in a world where emerging science and
technologies are becoming increasingly interconnected, pervasive, and powerful. The program’s primary goal is to give
students analytical skills that help connect science and
Technology to broader social needs. STS pursues this goal through individual research projects, collaborative problem
solving activities, user-centered design projects, and service-learning.
A. The Meaning of science and Technology
 Science, Technology and Society (STS), also referred to as science and technology and the study of how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and
technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society. STS scholars are interested in a variety of
problems including the relationships between scientific and technological innovations and society, and the directions and risks science and technology. The field of STS is
related to history and philosophy of science although with a much broader emphasis on social aspects of science and technology.
 Science, Technology and Society refers to the interaction between science and technology and social cultural, political and economic contexts which shape and are shaped by
them; specific examples throughout human history of scientific and technological developments.

B. Meaning of Science
 Science is a systematized body of knowledge.
 Science is an organized and dynamic inquiry (following scientific method).
 Science is knowledge gained through observation and experimentation
 Science is a human activity; scientist.
 Science is a social enterprise: people, knowledge, skills, facilities, apparatuses and technologies.
 Science leads to formation of concepts, methods, principles, theories, law and procedures which seek to describe and explain nature and its phenomena.

C. Meaning of Technology
 Technology as material products; results of scientific inquiry; hardware produced by a scientist.
Technology as the application of knowledge in solving scientific and practical problems that will help humans to survive and improve his life.
 Technology as human cultural activities or endeavors
 Technology as a social enterprise -- Technology is a complex system of knowledge, skills, people, methods, tools, materials and resources applied and allocated to the
development, operation and production of a new or improved product, process or services.
 Technology as modern technology based on the advances of science since the end of WWII to the present.

D. Some of the notable human successes in the field of science and technology
Humans are ingenious species. Humans (Homo sapiens) have dreamed up and created some amazing and far-out things. From the moment someone bashed a rock on the ground
to make the first sharp-edged tool, to the debut of the wheel to the development of Mars rovers and the internet, several key advancement stand outs as particularly
revolutionary. Here are some of most important invention of all times, along with the science behind the invention and how they came about.
The Wheel - The concept of inventing the wheel came during 3500
BC. Humans were severely limited in how much stuff they could transport The compass - Before, mariners navigate with the star, but that
over land, and how far. The idea came to connect a non-moving platform to method didn't work during the day or on cloudy nights. The Chinese
a rolling cylinder. People then invented the wheel and axle which is the invented the first compass sometime between the 9th and 11th century;
concept of making wheel. The holes at the center of the wheels and the ends it was made of lodestone, a naturallymagnetized iron ore, and the
of the fixed axles had to be nearly perfectly round and smooth for wheels to attractive properties of whic9h they had been studying for centuries.
work. Wheeled carts facilitated agriculture and commerce by enabling Soon after, the technology passed on to the Europeans and Arabs
transportation of goods to and from markets, as well as easing the burden of through nautical contact The compass enabled mariners to navigate
people traveling great distances. safely far from land, increasing sea trade and contributing to the Age of
  Discovery.

Transportation was significant during that the time because people were
trying to go places and discover new horizons. They travelled to search for food and
find better locations for their settlements. They also travelled to trade their surplus
goods in exchange for things that they lacked. Navigation assisted them in their
journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world . It allowed them to return
home after they discovered new places or completed an important trade with another
group of people.
The Internal combustion engine –
In these engines, the combustion of fuel releases high temperature gas, which, as it expands, applies,
force to a piston, thus, combustion engines convert chemical energy into mechanical work. Decades of engineering by
many scientists went into designing the internal combustion engine, which took its (essentially) modern form in the
latter half of the 19th century. The engine steered in the Industrial Age which enabled the invention of a huge variety of
machines, including modern cars and
 Communication
was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places. They needed a way to communicate with the
Natives of the areas9 9they visited so as to f9acilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts . Record keeping was also
important since they needed to remember the places they had been to and document the trades they made with each
other. It was also vital to keep records of their history and culture so they could establish their identities as they tried to
relate with other cultures and civilizations.
 
Printing press- It was Johannes Gutenberg, a German who invented the press around
1440. Though others before him--including inventors in China and a-have developed the
movable type made from metal, Gutenberg was have created a mechanized process that
transferred the ink (which he made from linseed oil and soot) from the movable type to paper.
Printing presses exponentially increased the speed with which book copies could be made, and
thus led to the rapid and widespread dissemination of knowledge for the first time in history.

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks used by billions of people worldwide. It is
impossible to credit the invention of the Internet to a single person, as countless people helped develop it. In the 1960s, a team of
computer scientists working for the U.S. Defense Department's ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) built a
communications network to connect the computers in the agency, called ARPANET. It used a method of data transmission called
"packet switching". ARPANET was the predecessor of the Internet that eventually emerged to become the "information
superhighway
Eco-Friendly Technologies/Advantages: These are sustainable technologies. This technology utilizes resources from the environment without causing negative
effects to it. Some of these are:

 Solar Energy - use of solar panels to provide electricity

 Geothermal energy
 Wind power - wind mills as source of energy

Disadvantages and Ethical dilemmas of Science and Technology

1. Threats to human survival - the invention of nuclear weapons in 1945, like the nuclear bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima that caused deaths of many people. This was a product of
chemical and biological warfare (bio-warfare); toxic wastes produced by manufacturing companies that threaten human survival and stability of the environment.
2. Ethical dilemmas - exploitation of advanced scientific knowledge and technology devices and systems gave rise to situations inwhich advances seem to have turned against their
beneficiaries, creating ethical dilemmas. The negative effects of technology are numerous. In our march to progress we have degraded the natural world. Forest are chopped down, topsoil
is washed away, rivers are polluted and our waste is dumped in the oceans.
3. Disparities in Human well being - there are advanced countries enjoying Science and technology based successes and hold high esteem in contemporary society (Economic strength),
versus millions
of people in less developed countries who have not partaken in these benefits.
4. Social and Cultural conflicts - Military power is vital for national security of many governments; Superior and highly technical weapons dictated the outcomes of some recent wars.
5. Innovating technologies can have negative consequences for certain sectors or constituencies: I
 include pollution associated with production processes,
 increased unemployment from labor-saving new technologies
 conversion of agricultural land into urban areas
 effect on humans psychologically and emotionally -the usage and addiction of new gadgets effect of overused technologies in medical industry that can cause fatal births and diseases.
 Science, Technology and Society (STS), also referred to as science and technology and the study of how social, political, and
cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society. STS scholars are
interested in a variety of problems including the relationships between scientific and technological innovations and society, and
the directions and risks science and technology. The field of STS is related to history and philosophy of science although with a
much broader emphasis on social aspects of science and technology.

 Science, Technology and Society refers to the interaction between science and technology and social cultural, political and
economic contexts which shape and are shaped by them; specific examples throughout human history of scientific and
technological developments.

 Technology as a social enterprise -- Technology is a complex system of knowledge, skills, people, methods, tools, materials
and resources applied and allocated to the development, operation and production of a new or improved product, process or
services.

DO YOU KNOW?
In the Philippines, people turn to science and technology for warning advice and assistance during calamities and
disaster: We have some government agencies responsible for giving us advice and information. These are the
Philippine Institute of Volcanalogy and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
and Philippines Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA). We have built windmills and transit trains that provide us means of source of
Energy and transport.
Science and Technology: An Overview Science
- Comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning “knowledge.”
- Refers to a systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation, or both.
- Involves solving problems through the scientific method.

John Heilbron
- Famous American science historian
- Considered science as a discovery of regularity in nature, enough for phenomena to be described by principles and laws.
- Also explained that science required invention to devise techniques, abstractions, apparatuses, and organizations to describe these natural regularities and their law-like descriptions.

The roles of Science and Technology

“What defines a technological tool – one historical definition – is something that takes a human’s sense or ability and augments it and makes it more powerful. So, for example, I wear
contact lenses or glasses; that is a technology that enhances my human ability of vision and makes it better .”

Technology
- Application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems.
- Comes from the Greek word techne, meaning “art, skill, or cunning of hand.”
- Things that fulfil our needs and desires, or perform certain functions
- Involves creating and inventing things
“Modern science is a discovery as well as an invention”- John Heilbron

- Mark Zuckerberg
The Medawar Lecture 1998: Is Science Dangerous? (Lewis Wolpert)
- Reliable scientific knowledge has no moral or ethical value
- It is meant simply to explain how nature and the universe work and that the obligations of scientists, besides studying the nature of the universe, is to explain the possible uses and
applications of such scientific knowledge.
- Science is not the same as technology.
- The very nature of science is that it is not possible to predict scientific discoveries and how these discoveries may be applied.
Science, Technology, and Society
- A relatively young field that combines previously independent and older disciplines, such as the history of science, philosophy of science, and sociology of science.
- Generally, applies methods drawn from history, philosophy, and sociology to study the nature of science and technology and ultimately judge their value and place in the society.
- As an interdisciplinary field, the emergence of STS was a result of questions about science and technology’s dynamic interaction with various aspects of society and was thus viewed as a
socially embedded enterprise.
- STS seeks to bridge the gap between two traditionally exclusive cultures –humanities (interpretative) and natural sciences (rational) – so that humans will be able to confront the moral,
ethical, and existential dilemmas brought about by continued developments in science and technology.
Even if science and technology has brought about many useful and exciting things, there are still drawbacks to these.Overuse/ misuse of antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics were invented

Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

- This section tackles how social contexts shaped and were shaped by S&T across three historical periods – ancient period, middle ages, and modern ages. It provides a historical context on the
beginnings of S&T through the ages. Furthermore, this section also includes a brief history of S&T in the Philippines, as well as important inventions and innovations done by Filipino
scientists.
One of the key interests of STS as an academic field is the history of science and Technology. As a strand of STS, the history of S&T focuses on how it changed across time. It also explores
the impacts of scientific and technological innovations on the prevailing social, cultural, political, and economic contexts throughout history.

Ancient Period
The rise of ancient civilization paved the way for advances in science and technology. These advances during the ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by looking for better ways to
communicate, transport, self-organize, and enhance their way of life, in general.

The Ancient Times were divided into three periods:

1. Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic)
2. Bronze Age
3. Iron Age Some Technologies or Inventions from the Ancient Period include:
1. Ancient Wheel
2. Paper
3. Shadoof
4. Antikythera Mechanism
5. Aeolipile
Middle Ages
Between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and the colonial expansion of Western Europe in the late 15th century AD, major advances in scientific and
technological development took place.
These include the steady increase of new inventions, introduction of innovations in traditional production, and the emergence scientific thinking and the scientific method.

Some Technologies or Inventions from the Middle Ages include:

1. Heavy Plough
2. Gunpowder
3. Paper Money
4. Mechanical Clock
5. Spinning Wheel

Modern Ages
As the world population steadily increased, people of the Modern Ages realized the utmost importance of increasing the efficiency of transportation, communication and production.
Industrialization took place with greater risks in human health, food safety and environment which had to be addressed as scientific and technological progress unfolded at an
unimaginable speed.

Some Technologies or Inventions from the Modern Ages include:

1. Compound Microscope
2. Telescope
3. Jacquard Loom
4. Engine-Powered Airplane
5. Televisions
Inventions of Filipino Scientists Our country also has its own history and tradition of scientific and technological innovations.
It is very known that Filipinos are innovative and ingenuous – making something out of simple things that are available around them. As with
other inventions, for Filipinos, necessity is also the mother of Philippine inventions. Throughout the Philippine history, Filipinos are responsible for developing many
scientific and technological innovations focused on navigation, traditional ship building, textiles, food processing, indigenous arts and techniques, and even cultural inventions. The
following are some of inventions of Filipino scientists and inventors:
1. E- Jeepney
- Jeepneys are one of the most recognized national symbols of the Philippines. It is also one of the most common mode of transportation for Filipinos.
- The assembly and conversion of “jeepneys” for transport and utility from scraps of American military jeeps left from World War 2 showed the ingenuity and innovativeness of
Filipinos.
- However, as the demand for more environmentally friendly transportationarose, e-jeepneys were introduced as an alternative to the traditional jeepney This is because jeepneys were
reported to be one of the root causes of air pollution especially in urban areas. Their safety was held in question, as well.
- E-jeepneys are designed to be environment-friendly, eliminating noise and oair pollution because they run on electricity.
2. Erythromycin
- One of the most well- known antibiotics in the market.
- Invented by an Ilonggo scientist, Abelardo Aguilar, from a strain of Streptomyces erythraeus.
- However, Aguilar was not credited for this discovery because he was under the employment of an American company, Eli Lilli Co. The company eventually owned the merits for this
discovery.
3. Bamboo Incubator
- World renowned Filipino paediatrician, Dr. Fe Del Mundo, was credited for the invention of the incubator and jaundice removing device.
o- Her original design consisted of two native laundry baskets of different sizes that are placed one inside the other. Warmth was generated by bottles with hot water placed around the
baskets. A makeshift hood over the baskets allows oxygen to circulate inside the incubator.
- Was used to aid the regulation of body temperatures of newborn babies, especially in areas with no electricity.
4. Mole Remover
- Invented by Rolando dela Cruz in 2000.
- Used for removal of moles and warts, the invention was made from cashew (Annacardium occidentale) nut extracts which are very common
in the Philippines.
- Dela Cruz won a gold medal for this invention in the International ooInvention, Innovation, Industrial Design, and Technology Exhibition in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 2000.
5. Banana Ketchup
- Invented by the Filipino food technologist, Maria Orosa.
- Was invented to be used as an alternative to tomato ketchup during the backdrop of the World War 2 when there was a shortage of tomatoes.
- Orosa developed banana ketchup made from mashed banana, sugar, vinegar and spices. Red food coloring was added so that it would resemble tomato ketchup.
Intellectual Revolutions and Society
- This section reviews the intellectual revolutions that shaped the society by means of science and technology. It focuses on three of the most important intellectual revolutions:
Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian.
- The section also engages students in a critical analysis of ongoing intellectual and scientific revolutions, which they may find themselves a part of.
In S&T, intellectual refer to the series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking across critical periods in history. Although there are
many intellectual revolutions, this section only gives focus on the three most important intellectual revolutions that altered the way humans view science and its impacts on the society.
These are: Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian revolutions. According to the French astronomer, mathematician, and freemason, Jean Sylvain Bailley, these scientific revolutions
involved a two-stage process of sweeping away the old and establishing the new.
It is also worth noting that, by themselves, these intellectual revolutions are also paradigm shifts. These paradigm shifts resulted from a renewed and enlightened understanding of how the
universe behaves and functions. Furthermore, they also challenged the long-held views about the nature of the universe, thus, garnering huge resistance and controversy.
1. Copernican Revolution
- The Copernican Revolution refers to the 16th-century paradigm shift named after the Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus
Copernicus.
- Copernicus formulated the heliocentric model in the publication of his paper, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (The Revolution of the Celestial Spheres ), in 1543.
- Challenged the previous belief that the Earth was the center of the universe (geocentrism) proposed by Claudius Ptolemy (Ptolemaic Model).
2.Heliocentric Model
 the Sun is at the center of the universe Geocentric model vs. Heliocentric model of the solar system.
- The publication of Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species ushered a new era in the intellectual history of humanity.
- Considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time.
- Completed the Copernican revolution initiated three centuries earlier, and thereby radically changed our conception of the universe and the place of humanity in it.
- Charles Darwin is an English naturalist, biologist and geologist; he introduced the theory of evolution where population pass through a process of natural selection in which only the
fittest would survive (natural selection).
- The organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive
- “One general law, leading to the advancement of all organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let the strongest live and the weakest die.”
― Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species
3. Freudian Revolution
- Austrian neurologist, Sigmund Freud is credited for stirring a 20th century intellectual revolution named after him – the Freudian Revolution.
- Psychoanalysis as a school of thought in psychology is at the center of this revolution.
- Psychoanalysis  a scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s personality, springing from free associations, dreams, and fantasies of the
individual. It immediately shot into controversy because it emphasized the existence of the unconscious where feelings, thoughts, urges, emotions and memories are contained outside of
one’s conscious mind.Amidst controversy, Freud’s psychoanalysis is widely credited for dominating psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20th century.
Science and Technology and Nation Building
- This section situates STS in the context of the Philippine nation building. It initially surveys contributions of Filipino scientists to science and
technology. It then traces the historical development and impact of science and technology on the various segments of Philippine society. These discussions are
geared toward engaging students in a critical analysis of science and technology as a tool for nation building.

Pre-colonial Times
- Science and technology in the Philippines had its beginnings during the pre-colonial times.
- People used herbal medicine to treat illnesses.
- Filipinos used writing, numerical treatment, measurement, and calendar systems to facilitate trading.
- Farming, fishing, mining, and weaving was developed by Filipinos during this period ( the Banaue Rice Terraces was built during this period)

Spanish Colonial Period

- Science and technology was developed through the establishment of formal education institutions and the launching of scientific organizations.
- Schools were mandated to teach religion, reading and writing, music and arts, and health and sanitation.
- Medicine and biology were taught in different educational and training institutions.
- The natives were trained to use innovative approach in farming; engineering was also introduced for constructing buildings, churches, bridges, roads, and forts.
- Rapid development of scientific principles influenced by Western culture during the Spanish colonial period was short-changed.
- Trade was more prioritized compared to agriculture and industrial development because its potential to gain large profits.

American Period
- Reorganized institutions for science and technology were reorganized.o Laboratorio Municipal  Bureau of Government Laboratories (under
US Department of Interior).The Bureau of Government laboratories was established for the purpose of studying tropical diseases and pursuing other related research
projects; eventually became Bureau of Science which became the main research center of the Philippines.1933
- The National Research Council of the Philippines was established.
- Development during the American regime was focused on agriculture, medicine and pharmacy, food processing, and forestry.1946
- The Bureau of Science was replaced by Institute of Science.
Ferdinand E. Marcos

- During the time of the former President Ferdinand E. Marcos, the role of science and technology in national development was emphasized.
- Mandated the Department of Education and Culture, now known as the Department of Education (DepeD), to promote science courses in public high schools.
- Additional budget for research projects in applied sciences and science was granted.
- In 1968, Taguig was proclaimed as the Philippine Science Community, now the site of Department of Science and Technology.
- The Philippine Coconut Institute (PHILCORIN) was tasked to promote modernization of the coconut industry.
- Several institutions were also established. The following were:
1. Philippine Textile Research Center
2. Philippine Atomic Energy Commission  Philippine Nuclear Institute
3. National Grains Authority  National Food Authority
4. Philippine Council for Agricultural Research  Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)
5. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
6. Philippine National Oil Company
7. Plant Breeding Institute
8. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
9. Bureau of Plant Industry
10. Bureau of Forest Products
11. National Committee on Geological Sciences
- The National Science Development Board was reorganized as the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA)
- In 1976, the National Academy of Science (NAST) was established to be the reservoir of scientific and technological expertise in the country.

Corazon Aquino

- NSTA was renamed as DOST in 1986 under President Corazon Aquino.

- This was done in order for the S&T sector to be represented in the cabinet.
- The Science and Technology Master Plan by the DOST aimed to update the production sector, improve research activities, and develop infrastructures for the science and
technology sector.
Fidel V. Ramos

- During the time of President Fidel V. Ramos, the Philippines had approximately 3000 competent scientists and engineers.
- The Doctors to the Barrio program made health care accessible even in far-flung areas.
- The National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology was created for high school students who wanted to major in science and engineering in
college.
- Several laws and statutes related to the science and technology sectorwere mandated:
1. R.A. 8439 ( Magna Carta for Scientist, Engineers, Researchers and other Science and Technology Personnel in Government)
2. R.A. 7687 (Science and Technology Scholarship Act of 1994)
3. R.A. 7559 (Inventors and Inventions Incentive Act)
4. R.A. 8293 (The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines)Joseph Ejercito Estrada
- R.A. 8749 (Clean Air Act of 1999) and R.A. 8792 (Electronic Commerce Act of 2000) were both signed and mandated during the term of President Joseph Estrada.
- Responsible for implementing cost-effective irrigation technologies and providing health care services for those who could not afford them.

Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo

- Filipinnovation was coined to refer to the Philippines as an innovation hub in Asia.
- Promulgation of R.A. 9367 (Biofuels Act) to utilize indigenous materials as sources of energy; was not successful due to the lack of technology to source raw materials.
- R.A. 10601 (Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization Law) was passed to modernize agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment.

Benigno Aquino III

- New National Scientists were named in 2014. The following were:
1. Gavino C. Trono (Marine Biology)
2. Angel C. Alcala (Biological Science)
3. Ramon C. Barba (Horticulture)
4. Edgardo D. Gomez (Marine Biology)
Rodrigo Duterte

- Science and Technology sector is seen to be a priority based on the budget for research and Development (R&D) that grew by nearly six times
over the same period.
- DOST focus was set to put results of R&D into commercialization in order to gain new intellectual properties.
- Philippine Space Technology Program  launched Diwata- 2 in 2018 after the launch of Diwata-1 in 2016 that displayed the Philippine flag in space.Science and Technology in the
Philippines and the Environment S&T has brought about numerous contributions the society. This is especially true in the agricultural sector and food production. These include:
1. Mechanization of Farming
- Tools such as pumps and sprinklers help in managing the damaging effects of heat brought about by the changing climate patterns
2. Genetically Modified Crops
- Grow faster and are resistant to pests
3. Fertilizers
- Increase nutrients in the soil; enhances growth and yield of crops However, these technologies may also affect the environment negatively. For
example, research has shown that pesticides contain chemicals that are not environment-friendly. In case of GM crops, only a few studies have been published in terms of their long-
term effects on the environment partly because it is still a relatively new technology.

Science and technology has improved transportation by land, air, and sea.
Communication has also improved through technological advancements. These contributions of S&T always come with adverse impacts including resource depletion.
The increasing number of new and advanced technologies in the production and manufacture of different goods and services result in the depletion of the planet’s natural resources.
Furthermore, wastes are also generated as these technologies are developed, eventuallycontributing to increased air, land, and water pollution.