Lec # 04 Substation Grounding
Lec # 04 Substation Grounding
There are two conditions that a person within or around the substation
can experience that can cause them to become part of the ground
circuit.
1. Touch Voltage
The potential difference between the ground potential rise (GPR) and
the surface potential at the point where a person is standing while
at the same time having a hand in contact with a grounded
structure.
2. Step Voltage
The difference in surface potential experienced by a person bridging a
distance of 1 m with the feet without contacting any other
grounded object.
Exposure to Touch Voltage
Estep I b RB Z th
Estep I b RB Z th
Rf
4b
Rf
4b
Assu min g b 0.08
R f 3
The Thevenin equivalent impedance for 2 feet in parallel in
the touch voltage , Etouch , equation is
Rf
ZTh 1.5
2
The Thevenin equivalent impedance for 2 feet in series in
the step voltage , Estep , equation is
ZTh 2 R f 6
The duration, magnitude, and frequency of the current affect the human
body as the current passes through it. The most dangerous impact on
the body is a heart condition known as ventricular fibrillation, a stoppage
of the heart resulting in immediate loss of blood circulation.
NOTE
The substation grounding system design should limit the electric current
flow through the body to a value below the fibrillation current.
Dalziel [5] published a paper introducing an equation relating the flow of
current through the body for a specific time that statistically 99.5% of the
population could survive before the onset of fibrillation. This equation
determines the allowable body current.
k
IB (a)
ts
Where
I B rms magnitude of the current through the body, A
t s duration of the current exp osure , sec
k SB
S B empirical cons tan t related to the electric shock energy
tolerated by a certain percent of a given population.
Above equation is based on tests limited to values of time in the range of 0.03 to 3.0 sec.
It is not valid for other values of time. Other researchers have suggested other limits [7].
Their results have been similar to Dalziel’s for the range of 0.03 to 3.0 sec.
Importance of High-Speed Fault Clearing
Considering the significance of fault duration both in terms of Equation a
and implicitly as an accident-exposure factor, high-speed clearing of
ground faults is advantageous for two reasons:
2. Both tests and experience show that the chance of severe injury
or death is greatly reduced if the duration of a current flow
through the body is very brief.
The allowed current value may therefore be based on the clearing time of
primary protective devices, or that of the backup protection.
It is more conservative to choose the backup relay clearing times in
equation a, because it assures a greater safety margin.
An additional incentive to use switching times less than 0.5 sec results from the research done by Biegelmeier
and Lee [7]. Their research provides evidence that a human heart becomes increasingly susceptible to
ventricular fibrillation when the time of exposure to current is approaching the heartbeat period, but that the
danger is much smaller if the time of exposure to current is in the region of 0.06 to 0.3 sec.
Tolerable Voltages