Hazard

TYPES OF HAZARDS
 A. Natural Hazards
1.) Biological hazards
- EPIDEMICS
- ANIMAL AND INSECT INFESTATION
NATURAL HAZARDS
 2. Geophysical hazards
EARTHQUAKES
Earthquakes are the result of forces deep within the
earth's interior. Sudden break within
the upper layers of the earth, sometimes breaking the
surface, resulting in the vibration of the ground, which
where strong enough will cause the collapse of buildings
and destruction of life and property
 They strike with no early warning and can be
devastating
 Earthquakes often trigger landslides, tidal waves

and tsunamis. Powerful aftershocks
frequently occur, causing further damage and
increasing psychological stress.
 You cannot prevent earthquakes but you can reduce
the potential damages:
 Development of possible warning indicators
 Land-use regulations
 Building regulations
 Relocation of communities
 Public awareness and education programs3
 Two types of earthquake
 Tectonic- earthquakes produced by sudden

movement along faults
and plate boundaries.
 Volcanic- earthquakes produced by movement

of magma beneath
the volcanoes
 Earthquake liquefaction –
often referred to simply as liquefaction, is the
process by which saturated, unconsolidated soil or
sand is converted into a suspension during an
earthquake.
Landslide
 isthe movement of soil or rock controlled by
gravity and the speed of the movement usually
ranges between slow and rapid, but not very slow
TSUNAMI
 The Japanese term for this phenomenon "tsunami"
("Wave in the port" in Japanese), which is
observed mainly in the Pacific, has been adopted
for general usage.
 A tsunami is a series of waves caused by a rapid
displacement of a body of water (ocean,
lake).
• Series of waves
• Interval between 5-10 minutes
• Could last for hours
• Run-up height could be as high as 10 meters or

more
• 45 to 80 kph near shorelines

SOME POSSIBLE NATURAL SIGNS OF AN
APPROACHING TSUNAMI
1. Strong earthquake
2. Unusual sea conditions such as a noticeable rise and fall

of coastal water (during
the retreat of sea level, interesting sights are often revealed.
Fishes may be stranded on dry land, thereby attracting
people to collect them. Sandbars and coral flats may be
exposed which may tempt people to flock to the shoreline),
3. Rumbling sound of the approaching described by
witnesses as:
 distinct roaring sound
 strange/unusual strong sound
 rumbling of many trucks
 jet-like or gush of strong rain sound
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
 Volcanic eruptions happen when lava and gas are
discharged from a volcanic vent.
 Themost common consequences of this are
population movements as large numbers of people
are
often forced to flee the moving lava flow.
 The most dangerous type of volcanic eruption is
referred to as a 'glowing avalanche'. This is when
freshly erupted magma forms hot pyroclastic flows
which have temperatures of up to
1,200 degrees
Lava flows - Hot slow flowing incandescent materials
Pyroclastic flow - flows of fragmental materials from slope of volcano
(1200 degrees Celsius).
Ash/Tephra Fall - showers of fine grained volcanic debris, usually
carries toxic substances.
Lahars - flow of water rich volcanic debris.
Ballistic Projectiles - are the larger blocks of desegregated and
comminuted magma that are most commonly thrown short distances from
the vent.
3. Climatological hazards.
DROUGHTS
Drought is defined as a deficiency of rainfall over an
extended period – a season, a year
or several years – relative to the statistical multi-year
average for the region
 Drought is an insidious phenomenon. Unlike rapid onset
disasters, it tightens its grip over
time, gradually destroying an area.
 Insevere cases, drought can last for many years and have a
devastating effect on agriculture and water supplies.
EXTREME TEMPERATURES
(HEAT WAVE, COLD WAVE AND EXTREME
WINTER CONDITION)
 Heat waves
is a prolonged period of excessively hot and
sometimes also humid weather
relative to normal climate patterns of a certain region
 A cold wave can be both a prolonged period of
excessively cold weather and the sudden invasion of
very cold air over a large area. Along with frost it can
cause damage to agriculture, infrastructure, and
property.
WILDFIRES/URBAN FIRES
 Also known as a wild land fire, forest fire, brush

fire, vegetation fire, grass fire,
peat fire, bushfire (in Australasia), or hill fire, is an
uncontrolled fire often occurring in wild land
areas, but which can also consume houses or
agricultural resources.
 4.) Hydrological hazards
GENERAL FLOODS AND FLASH FLOODS
General floods can be predicted in advance, except in the

case of flash floods. The impact of flooding can include
destruction of housing, crops, cattle and people.
Volunteers assist well in the early days of these situations,
helping to move people around and save belongings.
Flash floods
are sudden and extreme volume of water that flow
rapidly and cause inundation. Because of its rapid
nature flash floods are difficult to forecast and give
people little
time to escape or to take food and other essentials
with them.
 5.) Meteorological hazards
ROPICAL STORMS, HURRICANES, CYCLONES,

AND TYPHOONS
The system is referred to as a "cyclone" in the Indian

Ocean and South Pacific,
"hurricane" in the Western Atlantic and Eastern
Pacific and "typhoon" in the Western Pacific.
A hail storm
is a type of storm that is characterized by hail as the

dominant part of its
precipitation. The size of the hailstones can vary
between pea size (6mm) and softball size (112mm)
and therefore cause considerable damage.

Hazard

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TYPES OF HAZARDS

1.) Biological hazards

 Earthquakes often trigger landslides, tidal waves

 Tectonic- earthquakes produced by sudden

 Volcanic- earthquakes produced by movement

• Interval between 5-10 minutes

• Could last for hours

• Run-up height could be as high as 10 meters or

• 45 to 80 kph near shorelines

2. Unusual sea conditions such as a noticeable rise and fall

 Also known as a wild land fire, forest fire, brush

GENERAL FLOODS AND FLASH FLOODS

General floods can be predicted in advance, except in the

ROPICAL STORMS, HURRICANES, CYCLONES,

The system is referred to as a "cyclone" in the Indian

is a type of storm that is characterized by hail as the

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