1-Introduction of Occupational Hygiene
1-Introduction of Occupational Hygiene
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
1
Occupational Hygiene History
Pliny the Elder (C. 23-79 A.D.)
In the “Natural History” series he described a protective mask for
miners consisting of a bladder tied over the mouth to prevent
inhalation of dust and lead
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633 - 1714)
compiled the first systematic treatise on occupational diseases De
Morbis Artificum Diatriba (1700)
First to make the connection between occupation and disease: “Of
what trade are you?”
Percival Pott (late 1700’s)
Noticed that young chimney sweeps were at high risk for scrotal
cancer
Alice Hamilton
“Industrial Poisons in the United States” (1925) & “Exploring the
Dangerous Trades” (1943).
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Occupational Hygiene in Malaysia
1966- Formation of Industrial Health Unit as part of Machinery
Department.
1969- Pollution Control Unit formed to monitor pollution from
boiler chimney, chemical plant and discharge of effluent into drains
and rivers
1974 - Department of Environment formed under EQA 1974,
Eventually Pollution Control Unit closed
1974- Lead poisoning case in battery factory was diagnosed, this
initiate massive industrial hygiene monitoring
1980’s Industrial Hygiene Division formed at FMD focus more on
lead, asbestos, silica and noise. Followed by several regulations
2000 Regulations on use and standard of chemical exposure was
gazetted
2002 Formation of Malaysian Industrial Hygiene Association
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LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENT
Factories and Machinery (Lead) Regulations, 1984
Factories and Machinery (Asbestos Process)
Regulation, 1986
Factories and Machinery (Mineral Dust)
Regulations, 1989
Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure)
Regulations, 1989
Occupational Safety and Health (Use and
Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to
Health) Regulations, 2000
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Legislative Requirement
Law Hazards Requirement
OSH ( USECHH) Chemical Assessor – Assess the Exposure
Regs. 2000 Qualitatively
Hygiene Technician – Exposure
Monitoring and Testing of
Engineering Control Equipment
F&M (Noise) Noise Competent Person – Exposure
Regs.1989 Monitoring
Radiation Ionizing Radiation Protection Officer –
Protection (Basic must be employed when dealing
Safety Standard) Radiation with atomic energy activities
1988
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OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
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The Occupational Hygienist
• Trained in engineering, physics, chemistry,
environmental science, safety and biology
through education and/or experience
• Needs knowledge of health effects of
chemical, physical, biological and
ergonomic stresses
• Needs to evaluate stresses qualitatively
and quantitatively
• Needs to control health hazards by either
reducing or eliminating exposures
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OCCUPATIONAL PHYSICIAN AND
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENIST
PREVENTION TREATMENT
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENIST
DISEASES
HAZARD
WORKER
Occ. Health
Nurse
Occ. Hygiene
Practitioner
Employees Safety
Engineer
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KNOWLEDGE
Sciences Arts
Engineering Judgement
Physics Communication
Chemistry
Biology
Medical
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Chemical Hazards
Vapors, Gases, Mists, Dusts, Fumes
Physical Hazards
Noise, Vibration, Heat, Radiation
Biological Hazards
Microorganism: Viruses, Bacteria
Insects
Toxin from plant
Protein allergens from vertebrate – saliva, feces
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Chemical hazards
Chemical Properties
Organics
Inorganics
Physical properties
Dusts, Fibres, Fumes
Liquids, Mists
Gases, Vapors
Usage
Pesticide, Solvent, Acid, Alkali,
Metal
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Physical Hazards
Noise
Vibration
Ionising radiation
Non-ionising radiation
Illumination/lighting
Extremes of temperatures
Extremes of pressure
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Biological Hazards
Micro organisms
-Bacteria, virus
Mites, insects
Plant origin
-Fungus, yeasts, moulds
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Ergonomics Hazards
Biomechanics
explaining the functioning of the body and the effects of
internal and external stresses on the body
Eg: the effects and limits of stressors such as lifting,
lowering, pushing, pulling and carrying on the back
Workplace and Equipment Design
relating the physical characteristics & capabilities of the
worker to the design of equipment and the layout of the
workplace
Eg Hand tools, posture, workplace dimensions
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Anticipation Of Risk
During design stage of a process/ equipment or formulation
of chemicals
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Recognition Of Hazard
Available Document
Walk-through observation
Feedback from workers
Medical records
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Recognition Of Hazard
Available Document
Raw materials, by-product, product and waste
E.g. Chemical registry, CSDS
Process Flow and Description
Equipment specification
Plant layout
Procedure and control measures
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Recognition of Hazards
Walk-through Observations
Identify all health hazards either from planned or
unplanned activities
Measurement of hazards using simple direct reading
instruments
Approach through:
Geographical - suitable for simple processes / number of processes
in the same work area
Hazards - for assessing compliance with regulations
Process flow - suitable for complex work processes
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Recognition of Hazards
Feedback from workers
Enquire about symptoms
e.g. head ache, nausea, skin itchiness
Complaints
e.g. personal protective equipment not provided
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Recognition of Hazards
Medical records
Cases of occupational poisoning or diseases
Workers health complaints
Health and medical surveillance program
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Evaluate Risk
Qualitative
Determine degree of hazards
Determine degree of exposure
Determine the risk level
Quantitative
Environmental Exposure Monitoring
Biological Exposure Monitoring
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QUALITATIVE EVALUATION
Divide into work units
Determine the degree of hazard
Evaluate exposure
Determine the Risk
Assess adequacy of control measures
Conclude the evaluation
Identify actions to be taken
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QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION
Personal Sampling
Device worn by worker
Good measure of exposure
Area Sampling
Measure general environment
Locate contaminated areas
Not good indicator of exposure
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QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION
EQUIPMENT (Direct reading, active, passive)
METHOD
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Control the Hazards
Principle of Control
Control at source rather than at receiver
Eliminate or isolate rather than minimise
Control below occupational exposure
standards
Control risk to as low as reasonably
achievable (ALARA)
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Control the Hazards
Hierarchy of Control
Elimination
Substitution
Isolation
Engineering methods
Work practice, administrative control
Personal protection
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GENERALIZED DIAGRAM OF METHOD OF
CONTROL
SOURCE AIR PATH RECEIVER
1. SUBTITUTION 1. HOUSEKEEPING 1. TRAINING
2. CHANGE OF 2. GENERAL 2. JOB ROTATION
PROCESS VENTILATION 3. ENCLOSURE OF
3. ENCLOSURE 3. DILUTION WORKER
4. ISOLATION VENTILATION 4. PERSONAL
5. WET METHOD 4. INCREASE MONITORING
DISTANCE 5. PPE
6. LOCAL EXHAUST
5. AREA 6. ADEQUATE
7. ADEQUATE
MONITORING MAINTENANCE
MAINTENANCE
6. ADEQUATE
MAINTENANCE
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ADEQUACY OF CONTROL
MESURES
Suitability
Use and effectiveness
Maintenance
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SUITABILITY
Toxicity of chemical
Match the level of risk
Physicochemical properties
Physical and chemical properties
Nature of work
Not hinder efficiency of control equipment
Not potential for other risk
Adaptability
Adapted to work capacity and capability of worker
Route of entry
Prevent entry through probable route
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USE AND EFFECTIVENESS
Engineering control
No accumulation on floor, work surfaces, clothing
Prevent from reaching the parts to be protected
Minimal release and contact
Administrative control
Minimize exposure duration
Training, instruction and supervision
Label, warning signs
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USE AND EFFECTIVENESS
PPE
Correct type
Correctly fitted
Used continuously
Proper instruction and supervision
Replacement availability
Proper care and accommodation
Retesting after repair work
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MAINTENANCE
Regular inspection
Periodic testing and examination
Immediate repair
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KEY POINTS
Occupational Hygiene is multidisciplinary approach
The principle of Occupational Hygiene is Anticipation,
Recognition, Evaluation, and Control of Health
Hazards such as chemicals, physical, biological and
ergonomics
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