Reservoir Fluids Properties V2

PEE 232: Reservoir Fluids Properties
Instructor : Dr. Salem S. Al-Marri
Office: Building No. 6 Office No. 149

Department of Petroleum Engineering Technology
College of Technological Studies (CTS)
Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET)
Email: [email protected]
Twitter: @drsalmarri
Office Hours: Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, 11-1 or by appointment
Reference Book: William D. McCain, The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, 2nd Edition,
PennWell Publishing Company, 1990
Grading: Lecture Grade: 100%
The lecture grades will be divided as follows:

Home Work & Quizzes: 20%
Mid-Terms: 40%
Final Exam: 40%
1
Grade Scale: A (100-95), A- (94-90), B+ (89-86), B (85-83), B- (82-80),
C+ (79-75),C (74-70), C- (69-66), D+ (65-63), D (62-60), F (<60)
Attendance: Students are expected to attend all lectures unless otherwise excused.
School policies excuse the absences of students for illness, participation in
school activities at the request of school authorities and compelling
circumstances beyond the student's control. When absent, they are still responsible
for all lecture materials and in-class handouts. A grade of HM will be given you
miss more than 3 classes without a valid reasons.
Homework: Homework will be assigned as needed in class and due as assigned.
Quizzes: Instructor may select to use unannounced pop quizzes.
Exams: Exams will be given for each chapter completed and maybe per chapter
or combination of chapter. Additional exams maybe given as needed. Each exam will
consist of closed and opened exam. All makeup tests must be completed
within one week or what is practical for the instructor.
2
Final Exam: Will be given to test the areas covered by the course.
Catalogue Content:
Credits: 3 Hrs.: 3
Physical principles of petroleum engineering, dimensional

analysis, compositional parameters for mixtures, fundamental
gas laws, elementary phase behavior equilibrium vaporization
ratios, and critical conditions. A fluid properties
laboratory is an integral part of the course, where
some of the physical properties are determined.
Prerequisite:ASM 106
3
Course Objectives:
After completing this course, the student should be able to;
1. Develop an understanding and a working knowledge in gas engineering.

2. Use engineering concepts for determining gas properties.
3. Use fundamental engineering principles for estimating gas initially in place.
4. Develop an understanding of the methods used for calculating gas-well
performance.
5. Develop an understanding of the methods used for gas-well testing.
Expected Outcomes:
This course will enhance the student's
a. Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering.

e. Ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems.
g. Ability to communicate effectively.
k. Ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary
for engineering
4
Subject Weeks
1. Introduction 1
2. Properties of Natural Gas 1
3. Gas Reservoir Deliverability 2
4. Wellbore Performance 2
5. Choke Performance 2
6. Well Deliverability 2
7. Separation 2
8. Dehydration 2
5
Subject Lectures
1. Introduction
1.1 What Is Natural Gas? 1
1.2 Utilization of Natural Gas 1
1.3 Natural Gas Industry 1
1.4 Natural Gas Reserves 1
1.5 Types of Natural Gas Resources 1
1.6 Future of the Natural Gas Industry 1
2. Properties of Natural Gas
2.1 Introduction 2
2.2 Specific Gravity 2
2.3 Pseudocritical Properties 2
2.4 Viscosity 2
2.5 Compressibility Factor 3
2.6 Gas Density 3
2.7 Formation Volume Factor and Expansion Factor 3
2.8 Compressibility of Natural Gas 3
2.9 Real Gas Pseudopressure 4
2.10 Real Gas Normalized Pressure 4
6
Subject Lectures
3. Gas Reservoir Deliverability
3.1 Introduction 5
3.2 Analytical Methods 5
3.3 Empirical Methods 6
3.4 Construction of Inflow Performance Relationship Curve 7
4. Wellbore Performance
4.1 Introduction 8
4.2 Single-phase Gas Well 8
4.3 Mist Flow in Gas Wells 9
5. Choke Performance
5.1 Introduction 10
5.2 Sonic and Subsonic Flow 11
5.3 Dry Gas Flow through Chokes 12
5.4 Wet Gas Flow through Chokes 13
6. Well Deliverability
6.1 Introduction 14
6.2 Nodal Analysis 15
7
Subject Lectures
7. Separation
7.1 Introduction 16
7.2 Separation of Gas and Liquids 17
7.3 Stage Separation 18
7.4 Flash Calculation 19
7.5 Low-temperature Separation 20
8. Dehydration
8.1 Introduction 21
8.2 Dehydration of Natural Gas 22
8.3 Removal of Acid Gases 23
8
Petroleum Fluids Properties
Chapter #1: Petroleum Chemistry
Lecture # 1
Introduction to Organic
Chemistry viewed as an
engineer
9
Engineering in General
 The ability to compute separates the

engineer from the technician. An
education in engineering mathematics
generates an insight into...physical
phenomena
This course requires
1.QUALITATIVEcomponents
2.QUANTITATIVE components
3.EXPERIMENTAL components
10
Engineering in General
1.QUALITATIVE The generation of ideas,
structures, concepts. Results are
expressed in sketches, layouts, schematics
and diagrams.
2.QUANTITATIVE The computation of the
magnitude of the properties in a qualitative
idea. These results are expressed in
numbers, usually with physical units.
3.EXPERIMENTAL The use of physical
models and tests to compensate for both
qualitative and quantitative uncertainty.
11
Review of Organic Chemistry
and some definitions…
Very limited…
12
The Periodic Table
hydrocarbons
13
http://tech-two.mit.edu/Chemicool/
Characteristics of Selected
Elements
Name Symbol # Protons Atomic Atomic
Number Weight
Hydrogen H 1 1 1.01
Carbon C 6 6 12.01
Nitrogen N 7 7 14.01
Oxygen O 8 8 16.00
Sodium Na 11 11 22.99
Magnesium Mg 12 12 24.31
Phosphorous P 15 15 30.97
Sulfur S 16 16 32.06
Chlorine Cl 17 17 35.45
Potassium K 19 19 39.10
Calcium Ca 20 20 40.08
14
A cool website…
http://www.webelements.com/
provides properties of all elements

in the periodic table and links
15
The Atomic Theory
All matter consists of tiny particles

called atoms
Atoms are, in turn, made up of
three fundamental particles,
protons, neutrons, and electrons
16
Atomic Structure
 Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus

 Electrons are in orbits around the
nucleus
 There are equal numbers of protons (+)
and electrons (-)
17
Atomic Mass
Protons and neutrons are far more

heavy than electrons
The unit of atomic mass is the
mass of a proton or neutron
Carbon has an atomic mass of 12,
the total of protons plus neutrons
18
Atomic Number
Atomic number of an element is the

number of protons in the nucleus
The atomic number identifies the
element and distinguishes it from
all other elements
Thus carbon is the element with
atomic number 6
19
Molecular Weights
The molecular weight is the sum of

the atomic weights of the
constituents of the molecule
Example: water (H2O), the
molecular weight is 16 + 1.01
+1.01= 18.02 atomic mass units
20
The Mole
The weight in grams equivalent to

the atomic or molecular weight in
atomic mass units
A mole of water has a weight of
18.02 grams
A mole of any substance contains
AVOGADRO’S number of particles
(6.02 x 1023)
21
The Carbon Atom
+ PROTON
NEUTRON NUCLEUS
- ELECTRON
ORBIT
OR
SHELL
22
The Carbon Atom
Carbon Has Atomic Number 6 And Atomic Weight 12
23
CARBON Versatility
Has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons
Model
Graphite crystals
24
CARBON Versatility
Has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons
Model
Diamond
25
Chemical Bonds and Chemical
Compounds
 The shells or orbits which contain the
electrons have characteristic occupancy
capacity
 The first three contain 2, 8, and 8 (or
18) respectively
 Atoms tend to combine chemically
forming either ionic or covalent bonds so
that the outer orbits are complete
26
The Ionic Bond
Sodium Has An Excess Electron, Chlorine Lacks One

Cl
Na
27
The Ionic Bond
Orbits become complete by donation (acceptance)
of an electron

Na Cl
POSITIVE ION NEGATIVE ION
28
The Covalent Bond
Orbits become complete by sharing electrons
H H
H C H = H C H
H H
29
Covalent & Ionic Bonds
30
Carbon Chemistry
Homologous Series
A group of molecules which have similar
chemical properties
and a gradation in physical properties.
All members conform to a general formula.

Alkanes
General formula - CnH2n+2
(Saturated hydrocarbons)
Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
for the number of carbons
(ie, all the C - C bonds are single bonds)
31
Assignment
Read MCain pages 1-12 (today),

12-22
Send e-mail to me
[email protected]
32
Lectures # 2
Alkanes
33
Hydrocarbons
(homologous series)
H ydroc arbons
A lyphatics A rom atics

(arenes )
A lk anes A lk enes A lkynes Cyclic Alyph atics
34
Hydrocarbons
(homologous series)
35
Hydrocarbon Compounds
Homologous Series
A group of molecules which have similar
chemical properties
and a gradation in physical properties.
All members conform to a general formula.

Alkanes
General formula  CnH2n+2
(Saturated hydrocarbons)
Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
for the number of carbons
(ie, all the C - C bonds are single bonds)
36
Components of Typical Petroleum Gases
37
Typical Crude Oil Fractions
38
Alkanes Family
Physical Properties
39
Alkanes
 See additional properties from text

book
 Combustion Reaction
40
Covalent Bonds: Single,
Double, Triple
H3C CH3 ethane
ethene (ethylene)
H2C CH2
ethyne (acetylene)
HC CH
41
IUPAC – Naming compounds
H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
CH2 CH2 CH CH2
H3C
CH3
H3C HC CH2 CH
CH2 CH2 CH CH3
http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/
42
Homework Due Friday
 Always check syllabus

 Always check learning objectives
file
 Problems from text book McCain
43
Lecture # 3
Alkenes, Alkynes, Cycloaliphatics
44
Hydrocarbons
(homologous series)
Families
Hydrocarbons
Aromatics
Aliphatics
(arenes)
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Cyclic Aliphatics
45
Alkenes
General formula & Nomenclature
CnH2n
Starting element in the family

ethene  ethylene
46
Ethylene
 Physical & Chemical Properties

Ethylene, is one of the most valuable
products obtained from petroleum refining.
Ethylene is the starting material for
polyethylene which is found in a variety of
commercial products including milk bottles
and plastic bags. Ethylene is also a natural
product which is released when fruits ripen.
47
Other Alkenes
Propene or propylene

Polypropylene is an important commercial product made from

48
propene and is found in carpets, ropes, yarns, and fishing gear
Isomers
Structural & geometric
Three structural isomers for

butene
Geometric isomers
49
Different
physical
& chemical
properties
50 http://www.uis.edu/~trammell/organic/mainframe.htm
Alkynes
http://www.uis.edu/~trammell/organic/mainframe.htm
 Ethyne
(Acetylene) is the
simplest alkyne
General formula
 Cn H2n-2
 Triple bond
feature, highly
reactive
51
Cycloaliphatics
 Other names &

nomenclature
CH2 H2C CH2
H2C CH2
H2C CH2
CH2
CH2 H2C CH2
H2C CH2
H2C CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2
52
Cycloaliphatics
 Other names & nomenclature
CH3
H3C
CH3 H3C CH3
H3C
CH4
CH2
H2C CH2
CH2HC
CH3 CH3
HC CH3 CH3 CH2
CH2
H2C C CH3
CH3
H2C CH2 H2C
CH2
CH3
53
Cycloaliphatics
 Other names & nomenclature H3C CH3
1,2-dimethylcyclohexane CH3
1,2-dimethylcyclopentane
CH4
H3C CH3
CH2
H2C CH2
H3C 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane CH2HC
CH2
CH3 1-methyl-1-propylcyclohexane
CH2 HC CH3 H2C
CH3
H2C C
CH3 CH3
CH3
H2C CH2
CH3
CH2
1-propylcylcopentane
54
1-methyl-1-ethylcyclohexane
More Torture on Nomenclature
H2C CH2 CH2 CH3

 Olefines or … C CH2 CH
H3C H3C
CH3 2-octene 2,6-dimethyl-1-heptene
H2C CH3
CH H2C H3C CH2 C CH3
HC CH2 CH CH
CH 2
CH2
H2C
2,3-heptadiene
H2C
CH 2
CH2 H2C CH2 CH2
HC
CH CH CH3
H3C
CH CH2
55 3-octene H3C H 3C 4-ethyl-1-hexene

 Alkynes with alkyl groups
4-methyl-2-undecyne
H 3C
H 3C C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
C CH CH2 CH2 CH2
H 3C CH2 CH2 CH2 C CH3

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH C
H 3C
4-methyl-2-undecyne 8-methyl-3-nonyne
H 3C C CH2 CH2 CH3
CH2 C CH2 CH
H 3C
HC CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
C CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH3
CH2
6-ethyl-1-dodecyne
56 H3C
 Cycloaliphatics with substituted groups

H3C methylcyclopropane
CH2 H3C
CH CH2 CH2
H2C CH HC
H2C CH
H2C CH2
H3C
CH3
CH CH2
1,3-dimethylcyclobutane CH2
H3C
CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2 1-ethyl-3-
H2C CH2
methyl-
H2C CH2
CH2 CH2 cyclohexane
CH2HC methylcycloheptane
57 cyclopentane CH3
Lecture # 4
Aromatics & non-hydrocarbon
compounds
58
Non-Hydrocarbon Elements
and Compounds
 Most common: CO2,N2,H2S
 They lower the heating value of oil
(Btu/lbm)
 Nitrogen, Oxygen and Sulfur form part
of heavy molecules present in the oil
(asphaltenes & resins)
 Sulfur compounds poison catalysts used
in refinery operations
59
Sulfur Compounds
Oils may have up to 10% of S on a

weight basis
Very sour oils may be denser than
water
H2S removal done with
ethanolamines. The process is
known as ‘gas sweetening’
60
Sulfur Compounds
Mercaptanes (stink !)
General formula RSH –thiol (name
the following compounds)
HS-C3H7 --------chopped onions
HS-C4H9---------skunk secretion
 Alkyl Sulfides RSR
 Disulfides R-S-S-R
61
Importance of Acidic
Compounds
Acid # of Oils used for caustic oil
recovery
Carboxylic compounds react with
NaOH to form in-situ surfactant
which enhances oil recovery
62
Asphaltenes
http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/HOD_html
Molecular Structure of Asphaltene Proposed for 510C Residue of

Venezuelan Crude by Carbognani [INTEVEP S.A. Tech. Rept.,
1992]
63
Molecular structure of asphaltene proposed for Maya crude (Mexico) by Altamirano, et al. [IMP Bulletin, 1986]
Organo-metallic Compounds
Very small amounts but heavily

regulated by the EPA
Heavy metals of concern: Ni, Va,
Pb, Cd
64
Classification of Crude Oils
 Chemical
 PNA and combinations (Paraffinic-
Naphthenic-Aromatics)
 Resin and asphalthene content
 Physical
 Specific gravity
 Pour and cloud points
 Gasoline and kerosene content
S and asphalt content
65
Why do we care about the
properties of individual
components of oil and gas?
66
Why do we care?
67
Uses of Crude Oil
68
Properties of Interest
69
Beyond Distillation – Other
Processes
70
A more technical diagram…
71
End of Chapter One
72
Your Duties…
Homework Due Wednesday
Next Class we will start Chapter 2

 Read pages 46-61
73
Lecture # 5
Phase Behavior – Pure
Substances
74
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter

you will be able to:
Understand pure component phase
behavior as a function of pressure,
temperature, and molecular size.
Understand the behavior of binary
and multicomponent mixtures
(lectures 6 & 7)
75
The Need to Understand
Phase Behavior
 As oil and gas are produced from the

reservoir, they are subjected to a series of
pressure, temperature, and compositional
changes.
 Such changes affect the volumetric and
transport behavior of these reservoir fluids
and, consequently, the produced oil and gas
volumes.
76
The Need to Understand
Phase Behavior
Except polymer flooding, all of EOR
methods rely on the phase behavior of
reservoir fluids and fluids injected
into the reservoir.
This behavior is used to classify the

recovery method (i.e., thermal,
miscible, chemical, etc.), and to
design the recovery process.
77
Major Definitions
 System: A body of matter with finite

boundaries (physical or virtual)
 Closed System: Does not exchange
matter with surroundings but may
exchange energy (heat).
 Open System: Does exchange matter
and energy with surroundings.
78
Major Definitions
Phase: A portion of the system

which has homogeneous intensive
properties and it is bounded by a
physical surface.
Interface: Separates two or more
phases. These phases are solid,
liquid(s), and gas.
79
Major Definitions
Intensive Properties:
Independent of system mass
(i.e density)
Extensive Properties:
Dependent of system mass (i.e
volume)
80
Major Definitions
 Homogeneous System: Intensive

properties change continuously and
uniformly (smoothly)
 Heterogeneous System: System made up

of two or more phases in which the
intensive properties change abruptly at
phase-contact surfaces
81
Major Definitions
 Properties: Characteristics of a system
(phase) that may be evaluated
quantitatively. These are,
 Phase density (liquid, gas, solid)
 Compressibility
 Surface tension
 Viscosity
 Heat capacity
 Thermal conductivity
82
Phase Diagrams
Types of phase diagrams for a

single component (pure substance)

 (PT)
 (PV) or (P)
 (TV) or (T
83
Phase Diagrams
Single Component Phase Diagram
Fusion Curve
2 phases Critical
Point
P
c
Solid
Liquid
(1 phase) (1 phase)
Pressure
Vapor Pressure
Curve (2 phases)
Triple Point Vapor (1 phase)

(3 phases)
Sublimation Curve (2 phases)

84
T
Temperature c
Phase Diagrams
Vapor Pressure Curve
Critical Point

Pc l
Pressure
Liquid

v
Vapor
Tc
85
Temperature
Hydrocarbon Families
Physical Properties
One point in the

86
Pressure vs Specific Volume
Pure Substance
T
psia )
CP
Tc
Pressure (
2-phase
V V
L v
87
Specific Volume (ft3 / lbm)
Pure Component Properties
Tabulated critical properties (McCain)
88
Determination of Fluid
Properties
Ps =saturation pressure
1 2 3 4 5
gas gas
b
V =V
V V
t1 t2 V V
t3
t4
liquid liquid liquid t5
liquid
liquid
Hg Hg Hg
Hg
Hg
P >> P P > P P = P P = P P =P
1 s 2 s 3 s 4 s 5 s
89
Temperature of Test Constant
Vapor Pressure Determination
T2
Pressure
PS
T1
VL
90
Volume
Homework
See Syllabus for HW Problems due
91
Lectures # 6 & # 7
Phase Behavior – Pure Substances
(Lecture # 5)
Two Component Mixtures
Three & Multicomponent Mixtures
92
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter you will

be able to:
 Understand pure component phase
 Understand the behavior of binary and
multicomponent mixtures
 Behavior understood through proper
interpretation of phase diagrams
93
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter you will

be able to:
 Understand pure component phase
 Understand the behavior of binary and
multicomponent mixtures
 Behavior understood through proper
interpretation of phase diagrams
94
Phase Diagrams
Single Component Phase Diagram
Fusion Curve
2 phases Critical
Point
P
c
Solid
Liquid
(1 phase) (1 phase)
Pressure
Vapor Pressure
Curve (2 phases)
Triple Point Vapor (1 phase)

(3 phases)
Sublimation Curve (2 phases)

95
T
Temperature c
Phase Diagrams
Critical Point

Pc l
Pressure
Liquid

v
Vapor
Tc
96
Temperature
Hydrocarbon Families
Physical Properties
One point in the

97
Pure Component Properties
Tabulated critical properties (McCain)
98
Binary Mixtures
 Relationships to analyze: P, T, molar or

specific volume or (molar or mass
density) - as for a pure component –
+
 COMPOSITION – Molar Composition
99
Hydrocarbon Composition
The hydrocarbon composition may

be expressed on a weight basis or
on a molar basis (most common)
 Recall
Mi mass of " i"

ni  
Mw i molecular weight of " i"
100
Hydrocarbon Composition
 By convention liquid compositions (mole

fractions) are indicated with an x and gas
compositions with a y.
 n1 
x 1   
 n1  n2  liquid
 n1 
y 1   
101
 n1  n2  gas
Our Systems of Concern
Vapor
Pv
Tv
ni v Gas system
Liquid open
Pl
Tl
nil Oil system
102
A separator
yi(T1,P2)
zi(T1,P1) P1 > P2
T1,P2
xi(T1,P2)
103
Mathematical Relationships
z1  x 1fl  y 1fv z1  x 1(1  fv )  y 1fv
with z1  x 1 (n1  n2 )v
fv  fv 
y 1  x1 n1  n2 v  n1  n2 l
zi  x i
In general fv 
y i  xi
104
Key Concepts
Fraction of vapor (fv)

Mole fractions in vapor (or gas)
phase  yi
Mole fractions in liquid (or oil)
phase  xi
Overall mole fractions (zi) 
combining gas & liquid
105
Phase Diagrams for
Binary Mixtures
Types of phase diagrams for a

two- component mixture
Most common
 (PT) zi at a fixed composition
 (Pzi) T at a fixed T
 (TziPat a fixed P
 (PV) zi or (P) zi
106
Pressure vs
Temperature Diagram (PT)zi
Zi = fixed
CB
CP
Liquid
Bubble Curve CT
Pressure
2 Phases
Gas
Dew Curve
107 Temperature
Pressure Composition Diagrams
- Binary Systems
CP1 Ta
Liquid
P1v P1v
rve
Cu
Pressure
b le
b
Bu 2-phases
CP2
e
rv
Cu
w
De
P2 v Vapor
P2v
1
108 Ta Temperature 0
x 1 , y1
Temperature vs. Composition
Diagrams – Binary Systems
Pa
T2s De
CP1 w
Cu
rv
Pressure
e
2-phases
Bu
CP2 bb
Pa le T1s
Cu
rv
e
T1s Temperature T2s 0 x1, y1 1
109
Gas-Liquid Relations
z 1 = fix ed T = Ta A
CP
M
PB B
C
Pressure
PD
Ta 0 x1 z1 y1 1
Temperature
z110
1=overall mole fraction of [1], y1=vapor mole fraction of [1], x1=liquid mole fraction of [1]
Supercritical Conditions Binary
Mixture
Ta Tb Tg
Tg
Tb P1
[1]
Ta
[2]
P2v
Temperature x1, y 1
111
Quantitative Phase Equilibrium
Exercise
P-xy Diagram
2000
1600
T=160F
Pressure (psia)
1200
800
400
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
112 Composition (%C1)
Quantitative Phase Equilibrium
Exercise
P-xy Diagram
2400
2000 T=100F
T=160F
T=220F
Pressure (psia)
1600
1200
800
400
0
113 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Composition (%C1)
Ternary Diagrams: Review
L
.1 .9
.2 .8
.3 .7
.4 .6
.5 .5
.6 .4
.7 .3
.8 .2
.9 .1
1 0
H0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 I
114
Pressure Effect
C1 C1 C1
Ga
Ga
s
s
Gas
2-phase 2-phase
Liquid Liquid
nC5 C3 nC5 C3 nC5 C3
p=14.7 psia p=380 psia p=500 psia
C1 C1 C1
Ga
Ga
2-phase
s
s
2-phase
Liquid Liquid
Liquid
nC5 nC5 nC5 C3
p=1500 psia C3 p=2000 psia C3 p=2350 psia
115
Dilution Lines
C1
.1 .9
.2 .8
.3 .7
.4 .6
.5 .5
.6 .4
.7 .3
.8 .2
.9 x .1
1 0
116 C10 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 n-C4
Quantitative Representation of
Phase Equilibria - Tie (or
equilibrium) lines
 Tie lines join equilibrium conditions of

the gas and liquid at a given pressure
and temperature.
 Dew point curve gives the gas composition.
 Bubble point curve gives the liquid
composition.
117
Quantitative Representation of
Phase Equilibria - Tie (or
equilibrium) lines
 All mixtures whose overall composition

(zi) is along a tie line have the SAME
equilibrium gas (yi) and liquid composition
(xi), but the relative amounts on a molar
basis of gas and liquid (fv and fl) change
linearly (0 – vapor at B.P., 1 – liquid at
118
B.P.).
Illustration of Phase Envelope
and Tie Lines
C1
.1 .9
.2 .8
.3 .7
.4 .6
.5 .5
CP
.6 .4
.7 .3
.8 .2
.9 .1
1 0
C10 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 n-C4
119
Uses of Ternary Diagrams
Representation of Multi-Component
Phase Behavior with a Pseudoternary
Diagram
 Ternary diagrams may approximate phase
behavior of multi-component mixtures by
grouping them into 3 pseudocomponents
 heavy (C7+)
 intermediate (C2-C6)
 light (C1, CO2 , N2- C1, CO2-C2, ...)
120
Miscible Recovery Processes
C1
.1 .9
Solvent2
.2 .8
.3 .7
.4 .6
.5 .5
.6 .4
.7
A
.3 Solvent1
.8 .2
.9 O .1
C7+
1
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 oil
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9
0
1 C2-C6
121
Exercise
Find overall composition of mixture made with
100 moles oil "O" + 10 moles of mixture "A".
__________________________ C1
________________________ .1 .9
_______________________ .2 .8
.7
.3
_____________________ .4 .6
___________________ .6
.5 .5
.4
_________________ .7
A
.3
.8 .2
.9 O .1
1 0
C7+ 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 C2-C6
122
Practice Ternary Diagrams
Pressure Effect
T=180F Pressure Effect T=180F Pressure Effect
P=14.7 psia P=200 psia
C1-C3-C10
O O

P=400 psia P=600 psia
O O
123
Pressure Effect
O O
T=180F T=180F T=180F

P=2000 psia P=3000 psia P=4000 psia
O O O
124
Temperature Effect
T=100F Temperature Effect T=150F Temperature Effect
O O

O O
125
Temperature Effect
O O
T=450F Temperature Effect

P=2000 psia
O
126
Pressure-Temperature Diagram
for Multicomponent Systems
1-Phase 1-Phase
CP
rve
C u
e-
Reservoir Pressure
l
u bb
B 60%
0%
20%
2-Phase
ve
Cur
ew-
D
127 Reservoir Temperature

Changes During Production and
Injection
t
1 Production
t
2
Pressure
Gas
Injection
t
3
128 Temperature
Homework
See Syllabus please
129
Review Lecture # 7
Three & Multicomponent Mixtures…
Plus
Lecture # 8 – Chapter 5
130
L
.1 .9
.2 .8
.3 .7
.4 .6
.5 .5
.6 .4
.7 .3
.8 .2
.9 .1
1 0
H0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 I
131
Pressure Effect
C1 C1 C1
Ga
Ga
s
s
Gas
2-phase 2-phase
Liquid Liquid
nC5 C3 nC5 C3 nC5 C3
p=14.7 psia p=380 psia p=500 psia
C1 C1 C1
Ga
Ga
2-phase
s
s
2-phase
Liquid Liquid
Liquid
nC5 nC5 nC5 C3
p=1500 psia C3 p=2000 psia C3 p=2350 psia
132
Dilution Lines
C1
.1 .9
.2 .8
.3 .7
.4 .6
.5 .5
.6 .4
.7 .3
.8 .2
.9 x .1
1 0
133 C10 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 n-C4
Quantitative Representation of Phase

Equilibria - Tie (or equilibrium) lines
 Tie lines join equilibrium conditions of the

gas and liquid at a given pressure and
temperature.
 Dew point curve gives the gas composition.
 Bubble point curve gives the liquid
composition.
134
Quantitative Representation of Phase

Equilibria - Tie (or equilibrium) lines
 All mixtures whose overall composition (zi)
is along a tie line have the SAME
equilibrium gas (yi) and liquid composition
(xi), but the relative amounts on a molar
basis of gas and liquid (fv and fl) change
linearly (0 – vapor at B.P., 1 – liquid at
B.P.).
135
Illustration of Phase Envelope
and Tie Lines
C1
.1 .9
.2 .8
.3 .7
.4 .6
.5 .5
CP
.6 .4
.7 .3
.8 .2
.9 .1
1 0
C10 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 n-C4
136
Representation of Multi-Component
Phase Behavior with a Pseudoternary
Diagram
 Ternary diagrams may approximate phase
behavior of multi-component mixtures by
grouping them into 3 pseudocomponents

 heavy (C7+)
 intermediate (C2-C6)
 light (C1, CO2 , N2- C1, CO2-C2, ...)
137
Miscible Recovery Processes
C1
.1 .9
Solvent2
.2 .8
.3 .7
.4 .6
.5 .5
.6 .4
.7
A
.3 Solvent1
.8 .2
.9 O .1
C7+
1
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 oil
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9
0
1 C2-C6
138
Exercise
Find overall composition of mixture made
with 100 moles oil "O" + 10 moles of
mixture "A".
__________________________
C1
________________________ .1 .9
_______________________ .2 .8
.3 .7
_____________________ .4 .6
___________________ .5 .5
.6 .4
_________________ .7
A
.3
.8 .2
.9 O .1
1 0
C7+ 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 C2-C6
139
Pressure Effect
P=14.7 psia P=200 psia
C1-C3-C10
O O

O O
140
Pressure Effect
O O
T=180F T=180F T=180F

P=2000 psia P=3000 psia P=4000 psia
141 O O O
Temperature Effect
O O

O O
142
Temperature Effect
O O
T=450F Temperature Effect

P=2000 psia
O
143
1-Phase 1-Phase
CP
rve
C u
e-
Reservoir Pressure
l
u bb
B 60%
0%
20%
2-Phase
r ve
-Cu
w
De

Changes During Production and
Injection
t
1 Production
t
2
Pressure
Gas
Injection
t
3
145 Temperature
Lecture # 8: Five Reservoir

Fluids (Chapter 5)
146
Pressure vs. Temperature Diagrams
Used to visualize the fluids
production path from the reservoir
to the surface
To classify reservoir fluids
Visualize miscible processes
147
1-Phase 1-Phase
CP
rve
C u
e-
Reservoir Pressure
l
u bb
B 60%
0%
20%
2-Phase
r ve
-Cu
w
De

Why do we need to classify
Reservoir Fluids?
 Determine fluid sampling
 Determine types and sizes of surface
equipment
 Dictate depletion strategy
 Determine selection of EOR method
 Determine techniques to predict oil & gas
reserves
 Determine Material Balance calculations
149
Phase Envelopes
Cricondenbar
Bubblepoint Curve
Critical
Point Fixed
Composition
Dew Point Curve
Pressure
Quality
75% Lines
50%
Cricondentherm
25%
150
Temperature
Classification of Reservoirs
based on Phase Diagram
Gas Reservoirs (Single Phase)
Gas Condensate Reservoirs (Dew-

Point Reservoirs):

Undersaturated Solution-Gas
Reservoirs (Bubble-Point
Reservoirs):

151
Phase Diagram of a
Dry Gas Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions
CP
Pressure
Path of Production
Separator Conditions
152 Temperature
Phase Diagram of a
Wet Gas Reservoir
153
Phase Diagram of a
Retrograde Gas Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions
CP
Pressure
Path of Production
Temperature
154
Phase Diagram of a
Volatile Oil Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions
CP
Path of Production
Pressure
75%
25%
50%
155 Temperature
Phase Diagram of a
Black Oil Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions
Path of Production
CP
Pressure
75% 50%
25%
156 Temperature
Phase envelopes of different
mixtures with different proportions
of same HC components
157
Typical Reservoir Fluid Compositions
Component Black Oil Volatile Oil Gas Condensate Wet Gas Dry Gas
C1 48.83 64.36 87.07 95.85 86.67
C2 2.75 7.52 4.39 2.67 7.77
C3 1.93 4.74 2.29 0.34 2.95
C4 1.60 4.12 1.74 0.52 1.73
C5 1.15 3.97 0.83 0.08 0.88
C6 1.59 3.38 0.60 0.12
C7+ 42.15 11.91 3.80 0.42
MwC7+ 225 181 112 157
GOR 625 2000 18,200 105,000 -
Tank oAPI 34.3 50.1 60.8 54.7 -

Liquid Greenish Medium Light Water -
158 Color Black Orange Straw White
Compositional
Distribution
of
Reservoir
Fluids
159
based on Production and PVT
data
GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIRS:
GOR between 70,000-100,000
SCF/STB
Density greater than 60 ºAPI
Light in color
C7+ composition < 12.5%
160
data
VOLATILE OIL RESERVOIRS:
GOR between1,000-8,000 SCF/STB
Density between 45-60 ºAPI
Oil FVF greater than 2.00 (high
shrinkage oils)
Light brown to green in color
C7+ composition > 12.5%
161
data
BLACK OIL RESERVOIRS:
GOR less than 1,000 SCF/STB
Density less than 45 ºAPI
Reservoir temperatures less than 250
ºF
Oil FVF less than 2.00 (low shrinkage
oils)
Dark green to black in color
C7+ composition > 30%
162
Assignment
Read and make a summary of

revised & newer criteria for
classification of Reservoir Fluids
from given paper by William D.
McCain in JPT September 1994
163
JPT paper Study Guide
What are the distinctive features

of black oils in terms of
Initial GOR & GOR vs time
Initial API & API vs time
Compositions
Color
164

of volatile oils in terms of
Compositions
Color
165

of Condensate gases in terms of
Compositions
Color
166

of Dry gases in terms of
Compositions
167
Classifications or grades
• Generally speaking, oil with an API gravity between 40 and 45
commands the highest prices. Above 45 degrees the molecular
chains become shorter and less valuable to refineries.
• Crude oil is classified as light, medium or heavy, according to
its measured API gravity.Light crude oil is defined as having
an API gravity higher than 31.1 °API
• Medium oil is defined as having an API gravity between 22.3
°API and 31.1 °API
• Heavy oil is defined as having an API gravity below 22.3
°API.
• Crude oil with API gravity less than 10 °API is referred to as
extra heavy oil or bitumen. Bitumen derived from the oil sands
deposits in the Alberta, Canada area has an API gravity of
around 8 °API.
Chapter #3: Equation of State
Lectures # 9 & 10
Ideal and Real Gases
169
Equations of State
The Ideal Gas
Ideal gas properties

• Volume of gas molecules is
negligible compared with gas volume
• Forces of attraction or repulsion
between molecules or walls of
container are zero
• No loss of internal energy due to
collisions
170
Boyle’s Law
1 P T1
V T2
P
At fixed T
V
Example P1 =200 PSI & V1 = 15 cuft
P2 =1000 PSI what
is V2?
Gay Lussac’s Law
171
V T At fixed P
Avogadro’s Law
At the same P and T equal Volumes of gas
contain the same # of molecules
Na = 2. 73X1026 molecules/lb mole
1 moles = X 1024molecules
1 moles of any gas V = 379.4 cuft

◦
@ P = 14.7 PSI, T = 60 F
172
Internet Lesson on Ideal Gas
Behavior
Experimental
instructions
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/vlab/Piston/ Hi, I am
Boyle
Problems with
solutions
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/GasLaw/WS-Ideal.html
173
Ideal Equation of State
Construction
Step 1
T2 x
T1
P1V1  P2V
Step 2
x
P1 V V2

T1 T2
P2 Combining
P1V1 P2V2

Vx V2 T1 T2
174 V1
Ideal Equation of State
Construction
Example
If, P1 = 250 psi, T1= 60 ◦F V1 = 10 cuft,
P2 = 500 psi, T2 = 100 ◦F, what is V2=?
PV PV P1 T2
1 1
 2 2
 V2    V1
T1 T2 P2 T1
200 psi 100 F o
3 3
V2   15 ft  5 ft
1000 psi 60 o F
175
Boyle & Charles laws
Boyle Charles
a cool website with lots of info…
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/GasLaw/KMT-Gas-Laws.html
176
Boyle & Charles laws
 1
V  
P T
V  T P

P1V1 P2V2 PVM
 R
T1 T2 T
(VM  V / n)
R = gas constant, depends upon units used

177 See page 95 McCain book
Universal Gas Law or (EOS)
PV  nRT
Units P: psi
V: ft 3
o
T: R
n: Number of moles
psi. ft 3
R  10.73
lbmol.o R
What is the relation between T in ◦C and T in ◦F

T in ◦K and T in ◦R
178
Ideal Gas Mixture
The pressure in a vessel containing
an ideal gas mixture (n) or a single
gas component (nk) is
nRT
P http://home.a-city.de/walter.fendt/phe/gaslaw.htm
Vt
nk RT
Pk 
Vt
179
Partial Pressure
Pk nk P p
  yk k
P n T
1
T
1
Pk is the partial

pressure of
component k, and by n
1
,n ,
2 nk
definition …, n
k
cN
180
P
i 1
k P
Density of ideal gas
nRT m PM w
P  
Vt Vt RT
Watch out the units!
181
Mixtures of Ideal Gases
Dalton’s law of partial pressures

Amagat’s law of partial volumes
Specific gravity of a gas
182
Apparent Molecular Weight of
a Gas Mixture
Determine the Mwa and density of a mixture of
30%C1, 40%C2, and 30%C3 at T=200oF and
P=4000 psia
Solution:
M a  yC1 M C1  yC2 M C2  yC3 M C3
lbm
M a  0.3  16.04  0.4  30.07  0.3  44.09  30.07
lbmol
lbm
4000 psia  30.07
PM lbmol lbm
   16.98
RT ft 3 . psia ft 3
10.731  660 R
lbmol . R
183
Behavior of Real Gases
184
Equations of State for Gases
Ideal gas PVM

1
RT
Real gas PVM
Z
RT
Z is the ratio of the “real molar volume”
over the “ideal molar volume”  PVM  RT  Z
 Z
of a substance measured at the same RT 
 PVM id  1

pressure and temperature.
185
Non-Ideal Gas
 In non-ideal gas, we assumed that the volume of the molecules is very small
as compared to the volume it occupies, and there is no attraction force
between the molecules. This assumption might be valid for gases at high
temperature and low pressure; however the assumption is valid at high
pressure and low temperature. Under these conditions, the volume of the
molecules is significant and the molecules are close to each other making
appreciable attractive forces on each others.
 Van Der Waals proposes the following EOS to account for volume of the
molecules (b) and their attractive forces (a / v 2)
 a
 P  2   v  b   RT
 v 
186
Van Der Waals
 Van Der Waals proposes the following EOS to account for volume of the
molecules (b) and their attractive forces (a / v 2)
 a
 P  2   v  b   RT
 v 
 @ Low P or high T, b, a/v2 = 0, otherwise b, a/v2  0
 For a gas mixture, we need to evaluate am and bm instead.
 The constant a & b is a function of critical properties of the substance i.e. a, b
= f ( Pc , Tc , Vc)
 Critical volume is the volume that one mol. Can occupy at P c & Tc .
 Van Der Waals equation is not practical for every day engineering
calculations.
187
Other EOS
 Peng-Robinson (PR)
 Soave Redich Kwong (SRK)
 Modified Soave Redich Kwong
 Others
 Instead of solving the above EOS , we solve the following equation
PV = ZnRT
 Z gas compressibility factor (0.3 ≤ Z ≤ 1.7)
 Other names for Z are gas deviation factor, Z-factor.
188
Compressibility Factor Charts
Z Tr
Pr
189
The Principle of Corresponding
States
“All fluids when compared at
the same reduced temperature
and reduced pressure, have
approximately the same
compressibility factor, and all
deviate from ideal gas behavior
to about the same degree”
The Principle of Corresponding states (POC)

originated with single component fluids.
190
Typical Reduced Parameters
Material properties are usually

expressed in terms of reduced
parameters such as:
• Reduced Temperature:
Tr  T / Tc 
191
Typical Reduced Parameters
• Reduced Pressure:
Pr  P / Pc 
• Reduced Molar Volume:
V r  VM / VM c 
192
Reduced Parameters
Usually Tr and Pr  Vr obtained as a

function of Tr and Pr
These are called two-parameter
Corresponding States models
Three-parameter corresponding
states models improve predictions
but third parameter is not Vr (not
independent variable)
193
Generalized Corresponding
States Three-Parameter
This third parameter is called the acentric
factor.
It takes into account the non-spherical
nature of molecules
Peng Robinson and the Soave Redlich
Kwong equations of state (EOS) are
examples of three parameter
corresponding states models.
194
Compressibility Factor Charts
Following the POC only one
compressibility factor chart can be
used to determine volumetric
properties of any pure fluid by using
its reduced properties. The shape of
this chart is in general.
195
Corresponding States
Correlations & Models
The objective is then to find a model

(models) to predict the Z factor.
Ideal gas behavior is described from
the ideal gas Equation of State (EOS)
with a compressibility factor of 1.
196
Extension of Corresponding
States to Mixtures
Z factor charts (all built from EOS)
are also used for multicomponent
systems in this case the coordinates
used are “pseudo-reduced
properties”
For a mixture you can use the same
charts as for a pure component.
197
Pseudoreduced Properties
For mixtures the same type of charts
apply but using “pseudoreduced
properties” which are defined similarly as
the ratio of pressure (or temperature) with
“pseudoreduced critical pressure" (or
temperature). These pseudocritical
properties are an average of the critical
properties of the components in the
mixture. Charts for mixtures can also be
used for single component fluids.
198
Compressibility
factor Z as a
function or
pseudoreduced
pressure
199
Pseudocritical Properties of
Natural Gases
Pseudoreduced Pressure
P
Ppr 
Ppc
Pseudoreduced Temperature
T
T pr 
T pc
200
Natural Gases
If only the specific gravity and Mw of
of the gases is known then charts
are available to estimate these
pseudocritical properties (McCain
figure 3-10 ).
201
Fig. 3-10A
Fig. 3-10B
Natural Gases
Naturally the degree of accuracy is
reduced substantially. We well see
methods when compositional
information is available, in this case:
Nc Nc
Ppc    yi Pci  T pc    yiTci 

i 1 i 1
204
Natural Gases
Once Z is evaluated you can find the
gas density as
M
g 
V

lbm / ft 3

205
Dry Gas-Specific Gravity
PM g
Gas Density Z g RT Mg Mg
SG    
Air Density PM air M air 28.92
Z air RT
206
Z-factor
chart for
low
reduced
pressures
207
Natural Gases
Example 1.2: calculating the gas deviation
factor and density of the Bell field gas from its
composition at 3250 psi, 213 ◦F and the volume
is 20 ft3 component y
i
Methane 0.8612
Ethane 0.0591
Propane
Butane
0.0358
0.0172
Pentanes 0.0050
CO2 0.0010
N2 0.0207
Total 1.0000
209
0.918
Natural Gases
Solution 1.2:
component yi MW Pc Tc yiMW yiTc yiPc
Methane 0.8612 16.04 673.1 343.2 13.814 295.56 579.67
Ethane 0.0591 30.07 708.3 549.9 1.777 32.50 41.86
Propane 0.0358 44.09 617.4 666 1.578 23.84 22.10
Butane 0.0172 58.12 550.1 765.7 1.000 13.17 9.46
Pentanes 0.0050 72.15 489.8 846.2 0.361 4.23 2.45
CO2 0.0010 44.01 1070.2 547.5 0.044 0.55 1.07
N2 0.0207 28.02 492.2 227 0.580 4.70 10.19
Total 1.0000 19.15 374.55 666.81
S.G 0.66
Ppr 4.87
Tpr 1.80
Z 0.91
n 9.89 lbmol
m 189.46 lbm
211
Density 9.47 lbm/ft3
Natural Gases
Example 1.3: calculate the gas deviation factor
for a gas with SG=0.665 @ T= 213◦F, P =
3250 psi.
T 213  460
Tpr    1.82
Tpc 369

P 3250
Ppr    4.87
Ppc 668
212
668 psia
369 R
Homework 1
1.1 a- Prove that mol of given gas expressed as a fraction or % of the
mixture is equivalent to volume %.
1.2 What is the volume of one mole of ideal gas @ 65◦F and 15 psi?
1.3 Given the following gas composition

Component No of moles
C1 8.0
C2 1.5
C3 0.4
C4 0.1
i.Express the gas in term of mol% and weight %.

ii.What is the apparent molecular weight of the gas mixture.
iii.What is the specific gravity of the gas mixture.
iv.What is the density of the gas @ 100◦F and 1000 psi assuming ideal
behavior.
214
Homework 2
2.1 Given the following gas composition:
component yi
Methane 0.790
Ethane 0.090
Propane 0.040
Butane 0.020
Pentanes 0.030
CO2 0.005
N2 0.025
i.Calculate the molecular weight of the gas.
ii.Calculate the density of the gas at 9290 psi & 95◦F
iii.Calculate the volume of 20 Ib of the gas @ 95◦F and 9290 psi
2.2 Calculate the pressure of one mole of Methane in 10 cu.ft tank @

160◦F.
2.3 Calculate the density of a 0.65 gravity gas at 200◦F & 3000 psi
215
Homework 3
3.1 The following experimental data were taken in determining the gas
constant. An evacuated glass flask weighs 50.000 g filled with pure
nitrogen at 14.40 psia and 60.0◦F, it weighs 51.160g. Filled with distilled
water at 60.0◦F, it weighs 1050.000g. Calculate the gas constant from these
data.
3.2 Calculate the volume one pound mole of ideal gas will occupy at
a) 14.7 psia and 60◦F
b)14.7 psia and 32◦F
c)15.025 psia and 60◦F
3.2 A 500 cubic-foot tank contains 10 Ib of Methane and 20 Ib of Ethane at

90◦F.
a)How many moles are in the tank?
b)What is the pressure of the tank in psia? psig?
c)What is the molecular weight of the mixture?
d)What is the specific gravity of the mixture?
216
Homework 4
4.1 What are the molecular weight and gravity of a gas which contains one
third each of methane, ethane, and propane by volume?
4.2 What volume will 100 Ib of gas of 0.75 specific gravity (air=1) occupy
at 100◦F and 100 psia?
4.2 A 1500 cubic- foot tank contains methane at 30 psia and 80◦F . To it are
added: 1.80 moles of ethane at 14.4 psia and 60◦F, 25 Ib of butane at
75◦F , 4.65 x 1026 molecules of propane at 30◦F, and SCF(14.7 psia and
60◦F) of nitrogen. If the final temperatures of the mixture are 60◦F, what
is the final pressure of the tank?
217
In many reservoir engineering calculations, it is necessary to use the
assistance of a computer, and the chart if Standing and Katz then becomes
difficult to use. Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem fitted an equation of state to the
data of Standing and Katz in order to estimate the gas deviation factor in
computer routines. Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem used 1500 data points and
found an average absolute error of 0.486% over ranges of pseudoreduced
pressure and temperature of:
0.2  p pr  30
1.0  Tpr  3.0
and for
p pr  1.0 wirh 0.7  Tpr  1.0
218
The Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem equation of state gives poor results for Tpr =
1.0 and ppr>1.0. The form of the Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem equation of
state is as follows:
z  1  c1 (Tpr )  r  c2 (Tpr )  r2  c3 (Tpr )  r5  c4 (  r , T pr ) 1.10
where
0.27 p pr
r  1.10a
zTpr
A2 A3 A4 A5
c1 (Tpr )  A1   3  4  5 1.10b
Tpr T pr T pr T pr
A7 A8
c2 (Tpr )  A6   2 1.10c
Tpr T pr
A7 A8
c3 (Tpr )  A9 (  2) 1.10d
Tpr T pr
 2 
c4 (  r , Tpr )  A10 (1  A11 )  r3  exp(  A11  r2 )
2
r 1.10e
T 
 pr 
219
Where the constants A1  A11 are as follows:
A1  0.3265 A2  1.0700 A3  0.5339
A4  0.01569 A5  0.05165 A6  0.5475
A7  0.7361 A8  0.1844 A9  0.1056
A10  0.6134 A11  0.7210
Because the z-factor is on both sides of the equation, a trial and error solution
is necessary to solve the Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem equation of state. Any
one of the number of iteration teqniques can be used to assist in the trial and
error procedure. One that is frequently used is the secant method which has
the following iteration formula:
 X n  X n 1 
X n 1  X n  f n   1.11
 nf  f n 1 
220
To apply the secant method to the foregoing procedure, Eq.(1.10) rearranged
to the form:
F ( z )  z  (1  c1 (Tpr ) r  c2 (Tpr ) r2  c3 (T pr )  r5  c4 (  r , T pr ))  0 1.12
The left-hand side of Eq. (1.12) becomes the function, f, and the z-factor
becomes x. The iteration procedure is initiated by choosing two values of z-
factor and calculating the corresponding values of the function, f. The secant
method provides the new guess for z, and the calculation is repeated until the
function, f, is zero or within a specified tolerance (i.e., ±10-4). This solution
procedure is fairly easy to program on a computer.
Another poular iteration technique is the Newton-Raphson method, which

has the following iteration formula:
fn
X n 1  X n  1.13
f n'
221
As can be seen in Eq.(1.13, the derivative, f’(z), is required for the Newton-
Raphson technique. The derivative of Eq.(1.12) with respect to z is as
follows:
2 5
 F ( z )  r r r
   1  c1 (T pr )  2 c2 (T pr )  5c3 (T pr )
 z Tpr z z z
2 A10  r2
 3 (1  A11  r2  ( A11  r2 ) 2 ) exp( A11 r2 ) 1.14
T pr z
222
Review
m ni N
n yi  M a   yi M i
M N i 1
Ma P T
g  Pr  Tr 
28.97 Pc Tc
N N
P
Ppc   yi Pci Tpc   yiTci Ppr 
i 1 i 1 Ppc
T PM a
Tpr  g 
Tpc ZRT
Ppc  756.8  131.0 g  3.6 g2
Tpc  169.2  349.5 g  74.0 g2
223
Review
m ni N
n yi  M a   yi M i
M N i 1
Ma P T
g  Pr  Tr 
28.97 Pc Tc
N N
P
Ppc   yi Pci Tpc   yiTci Ppr 
i 1 i 1 Ppc
T PM a
Tpr  g 
Tpc ZRT
Ppc  756.8  131.0 g  3.6 g2
Tpc  169.2  349.5 g  74.0 g2
224
Lectures # 12 -13
Properties of Dry Gases
(pages 165-187)
225
Phase Diagram of a
Dry Gas Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions
CP
Pressure
Path of Production
226 Temperature
DRY GAS RESERVOIRS:
– GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB
– No liquid produced at surface
– Mostly methane
227
Standard Conditions
Unify volumes to common

grounds for sales and
regulatory purposes
– T = 60 0F
– P = 14.65 – 15.025 (State
dependent)
Then
VM = RTsc/Psc
228
Gas formation volume factor Bg
Reservoir Conditions
Standard Conditions
229
Gas Formation Volume Factor
[res bbl/SCF] or [ft3/SCF]
Volume of an arbitrary amount

of gas at reservoir T & P
Volume of SAME amount at

standard T & P
VR
Bg 
V SC
230
ZnRT
Bg  P
Z SC nRTSC
PSC
231
Since
Tsc  520 o R, Psc  14.69 psia, and for all practical purpose
Z sc  1.0, then
ZT (14.69) ZT cuft
Bg   0.0282
(1.0)(520) P P scf
ZT cuft  bbl  ZT res bbl
Bg  0.0282    0.0052
P scf  5.615 cuft  P scf
232
233
Bg
GasVolume @ Tres & Pres Vg
Bg  
GasVolume @ SC Vsc
 Z  T  Psc 
Bg     
 Z sc  Tsc  P 
234
Gas Formation Volume Factor Bg
T 
4
Bg  3.47 10   Z (T in K and P in MPa )
P
T 
Bg  0.0282   Z (T in R and P in psia )
P
 P  V  T 
Zg      (V  Expelled Gas )
 sc   sc   Tsc 
P V
235
Gas Formation Volume Factor Bg
Example: A gas reservoir has an area of 500 acres, thickness of 100 ft, porosity of
20%, water sat. Of 25% and the above information. How much SCF of gas
in this reservoir. The gas specific gravity is 0.665 @ P = 3250 PSI, T =
213◦F
Solution:
From example 1.2 Z = 0.91 @ P, T
43560 ft 3
A  500 acres  500 acres   21780000 ft 2
1 acre
h  100 ft ,   0.2 S w  0.25
TZ (213  460)  0.91 cuft
Bg  0.0282  0.0282   0.00532
P 3250 scf
TZ (213  460)  0.91 res bbl
Bg  0.0052  0.0052   0.00098
P 3250 scf
2 3
Vb  21780000 ft 100 ft  2178000000 ft
V p  2178000000ft 3  0.2  435600000 ft 3
Vg @ res. cond .  435600000 ft 3  0.75  326700000 ft 3
Vg @ res. conds. 326700000 ft 3
Bg   Vg @ st. conds.   61305104037 scf
Vg @ st. conds. ft 3
236 0.00532
scf
Gas Isothermal Compressibility
Coefficient
1  V  1  1  Z 
Cg         
V  P  P  Z  P 
237
Isothermal Gas Compressibility
• Definition
1  V 
C g  PA , TA     P 
V TA
Derivative is evaluated at constant T=TA and
specified pressure P=PA
238
1  V1  V2 
C g PA , TA     
Vave  P1  P2  T
A
TA TB
P1
PA
P2
V1 V2
239 Vave= (V1+V2)/2

• Definition
1  V 
C g  P, T     P 
V T
Derivative is evaluated at constant T and

specified pressure P
1  V  1  1  Z 
Cg         
V  P  P  Z  P 
240
Isothermal Compressibility
Using ideal gas equation

The simplest equation of state is that for ideal gas
nRT
PV  nRT or V
P
 V  nRT
   2
 P T P
 1   nRT   P   nRT  1
Cg       2       2    for ideal gas
 V  P   nRT   P  P
241
Isothermal Compressibility
 Using real gas equation
Z
V  nRT
P
 Z 
P  Z
 V   P T
   nRT
 P T P2
 1  V   P   nRT   Z   
Cg          P2 P    Z 
 V  P T  nRT Z     P T  
 1    Z   1 1  Z 
Cg     P   Z      for Real gas
 ZP    P T  P Z  P T
242
Isothermal Compressibility (Cg) of an Ideal Gas
Example 1: The following table gives volumetric data at

150 oF for a natural gas. Determine the
coefficient of isothermal compressibility
for the is gas at 150 oF and 1000 psia.
Pressure Molar Volume
psia Cu ft/lbmole
700 8.5
800 7.4
900 6.5
1000 5.7
1100 5.0
1200 4.6
1300 4.2
Isothermal Compressibility (Cg) of an Ideal Gas
Solution
244
Isothermal Compressibility (Cg)
7.1  5 ft 3
slope   0.007
800  1100 lbmole
Second , compute C g
 ft 3 
 0.007 
1  V  1  lbmole   1300 106 psi 1
Cg    m    
Vm  p  ft 3  psia 
5.7  
lbmole  
Isothermal Compressibility (Cg) of an Real Gas
Example 2: Compute the coefficient of isothermal

compressibility of ethane at 1000 psia
and 212 oF.
Solution
0.8
0.725
0.65
750 1250
Solution
Z = 0.72 from figure3-2

 Z  0.8  0.65
    0.0003 psi 1  slope of tangent to 212 o F
 p T 750  1250
isotherm at p = 1000 psia, from figure 3-2
second calculate Cg
1 1  Z  1 1
Cg      
p Z  p T 1000 psia 0.725
 
0.0003 psi 1
 
0.00141379psi 1
 C g  1413.79 106 psi 1

Reduced Compressibility (Cpr)
1 1  Z 
Cgp pr    
p pr Z  p pr Tpr
Gas
Compressibility
250
Example
Find the gas compressibility of 0.665 gravity gas @
3250 PSI & 213◦F
668 psia
369 R
0.918
Solution:
T 213  460
Tpr    1.82
Tpc 369
P 3250
Ppr    4.87
Ppc 668
Z  0.918
C pr 0.345( From Chart 6  4)
C gr    0.19
Tpr 1.82
C gr 0.19 -6
Cg    0.00028=280 10
Ppc 668
Gas
Compressibility
0.0888
255
Example
Find the compressibility of a 0.9 SG gas at p = 4500 PSI
& T = 150◦F
636 psia
424 R
0.918
Gas
Compressibility
0.0888
259
Solution:
T 150  460
Tpr    1.44
Tpc 424
P 4500
Ppr    7.08
Ppc 636
Z  0.918
C pr 0.0888( From Chart 6  4)
C gr    0.0611
Tpr 1.44
C gr
0.0611 -6
Cg    96  10
Ppc 636
Effect of Non-Hydrocarbon Components
• Natural gases commonly contain hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and
nitrogen. The presence of nitrogen does not greatly affect the z-factor obtained
by methods previously described; z-factor increases by about 1% for each 5%
of nitrogen in the gas.
• However, the presence of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide causes large
errors in compressibility factors obtained by the methods previously discussed.
The remedy to this problem is to adjust the pseudocritcal properties to account
for the unusual behavior of these acid gases. The equations, used for this
adjustment are
Tpc'  Tpc  
PpcTpc'
Ppc' 
Tpc  yH 2 S (1  yH 2 S )
whereTpc' and Ppc' are used to calculateT pr and Ppr for acid gases.
• The pseudcritical temperature adjustment factor, , is obtained from Figure 3-
12. The symbol yH2S represents the mole fraction hydrogen sulfide in the gas.
• Pseudocritical properties obtained by either of the methods described

previously are adjusted in this manner. These adjustments bring the accuracy
of calculated compressibility factors to within the limits expressed above.
Example: Determine values of pseudocritical temperature and
pseudocritical pressure for the gas given below.
Component Composition, mole percent
Hydrogen sulfide 4.91

Carbon Dioxide 11.01
Nitrogen 0.51
Methane 57.7
Ethane 7.22
Propane 4.45
iso-butane 0.96
n-butane 1.95
iso-pentane 0.78
n-pentane 0.71
n-Hexane 1.45
Heptanes plus 8.35
Properties of Heptanes plus
Specific gravity 0.807
Molecular weight 142 lbm/lbmol
Solution:
Component yi Tci yi*Tci Pci yi*Pci

H2S 0.0491 672.4 33.01 1306.5 64.15
CO2 0.1101 547.5 60.28 1070.2 117.83
N2 0.0051 227 1.16 492.2 2.51
C1 0.577 343.2 198.03 673.1 388.38
C2 0.0722 549.9 39.70 708.3 51.14
C3 0.0445 666 29.64 617.4 27.47
i-C4 0.0096 734.6 7.05 529.1 5.08
n-C4 0.0195 765.7 14.93 550.1 10.73
i-C5 0.0078 829.6 6.47 483.5 3.77
n-C5 0.0071 846.2 6.01 489.8 3.48
n-C6 0.0145 914.2 13.26 440.1 6.38
C7+ 0.0835 1157.00 96.61 367 30.64
1.0000 506.15 711.56
Second, determine the value of  and adjust the pseudocritical properties
  19.9 from Figure 3  12

Tpc'  Tpc  
' o
T  506.2  19.9  486.3 R
pc
'
PpcTpc'
P 
pc
Tpc  yH 2 S (1  y H 2 S )
' 711.56  486.3
P 
pc  682 psia
506.2  0.0491 (1  0.0491) 19.9
19.9
266
1157 R
267
367 psia
268
Gas Viscosity (µg)
• Viscosity is a measure of fluid resistance to flow.
• Viscosity is measured in PE in centipoises (cP)
• Viscosity has the dimension M/LT, Mass/Length time.
• 1 cP = 10-2 g/cm sec.
• Some people call it dynamics viscosity to differentiate it from kinematic
viscosity.
• Kinematic viscosity is dynamic viscosity per density, units are in
KinematicViscosity (υ)
2
g
10
cm .sec
1 cP 
g 1cP 2cm 2
   10
g g sec
32
cm
Gas Viscosity (µg)
• Needs of Crude Oil Viscosity
 Calculation of two-phase flow
 Gas-lift and pipeline design
 Calculate oil recovery either from natural depletion or from
recovery techniques such as waterflooding and gas-injection
processes
• µg = f (P & T & composition)
• µg increase with pressure @ const. temp. Explain?
• @ Low P, µg increase as temp. Increase, why?
• @ High P, µg decrease as temp. Increase, why?
• Usually we do not measure µg , but we can estimate with reasonable
degree of accuracy from correlations, again using state of
correspondence.
271
Variation of Oil Viscosity
T = constant
Gas Out of
Oil Viscosity
Solution
Two Phase Flow Single Phase Flow
Pb
272
273
274
Viscosity of GasMixtures
 y M
j
gj j
1/ 2
j
g 
y M j
j
1/ 2
j
Example: Calculate the viscosity of the gas mixture given below at 200 oF
and a pressure of one
atmosphere absolute.
Component Composition
Mole fraction
Methane 0.850
Ethane 0.090
Propane 0.040
N-Butane 0.020
Total 1.000
Solution: First, determine the viscosities of the individual gases at 200 oF and
one atmosphere.
0.0130
0.0112
0.0098
0.0091
Solution: First, determine the viscosities of the individual gases at 200 oF and
one atmosphere.
Second, calculate viscosity of the gas mixture
component yi Mj y jMj Mj1/2 yjMj1/2 mj mjyjMj1/2
Methane 0.8500 16.04 13.634 4.005 3.404 0.0130 0.0443
Ethane 0.0900 30.07 2.7063 5.484 0.494 0.0112 0.0055
Propane 0.0400 44.09 1.7636 6.640 0.266 0.0098 0.0026
n-Butane 0.0200 58.12 1.1624 7.624 0.152 0.0091 0.0014
Total 1.0000 19.266 4.316 0.0538
 g j j

j
y M 1/ 2
j
0.0538
g    0.0125
 j j
y M
j
1/ 2
4.316
Mg
19.266
g    0.665
28.97 28.97
After calculating specific gravity viscosity can be determine by the following:
0.0125
Example: Calculate a value of viscosity of a with specific gravity of 0.818 at
reservoir temperature of 220 oF and reservoir pressure of 2100
psig.
Solution:
•First, determine a value of gas viscosity at one at 1.0 atm.
lbm
M a  29 g  29  0.818  23.7
lbmol
 g1  0.01216 cP at 220o F and one atm (from the following chart)
•Second, determine a value of viscosity ratio.
(220  460)
Tpr   1.67
406
2100
Ppr   3.25
647
 g1  0.01216 cP at 220o F and one atm (from the following chart)
g
 1.50 (from figuire6 - 9)
 g1
Example: Calculate a value of viscosity of a with specific gravity of 0.818 at
reservoir temperature of 220 oF and reservoir pressure of 2100
psig.
Solution:
•Third, calculate gas viscosity.
 g  0.01216 1.5  0.0182 cP

647
406
1.5
282
0.01216
283
PETE 310
Lecture # 14
Wet Gas – Specific Gravity & Z-factor
(Chapter 7: pages 195-205)
284
Learning Objectives
 Calculate the specific gravity of a wet gas
mixture, given producing GOR (at separator(s)
and stock tank and:
 compositions liquid and gas from stock tank
and separator gas
 or, separator compositions (gas & liquid)
 or, properties of the separator gas and stock
vent gas
 Define the two-phase z-factor and understand the
uses of this in reservoir engineering
 Explain the shape of a typical two-phase z-factor
isotherm.
 Calculate values of two-phase z-factor using
285 Rayes etal. correlation (SPE paper).
Wet Gas Formation Volume Factor
Bwg
• The volume of gas at reservoir condiction
required to produce one unit volume of
stock tank liquid, or
Gas Volume @ Tres & Pres Vg

Bwg  
Stock - Tank Liquid Volume VSTL
286
Wet Gas Formation Volume
Factor Bwg
• The number of barrels of reservoir gas
(including the liquids dissolved in it) at
reservoir condition per ft3 of dry gas
produced from it at standard conditions, or
bbl of gas @ Tres & Pres

Bwg  3
ft of dry gas@ SC
287
Separators
y iSP
and GOR ( scf / STB )
y iST
x iST
x iSP
Wellhead x iST
lb  mole  gas SP
fv SP 
lb  mole gas  lb  moleoil SP
lb  moleoil SP  lb  molegas  lb  moleoil ST
lb  mole  gas ST
fv ST 
288 lb  mole gas  lb  moleoil ST
Key Points
 What matters is the molar ratio of gas to oil
so let’s assume one barrel of oil produced
 Methods to evaluate oil density will be
discussed in Chapter 11 (here it will be
provided)
 To convert oAPI to oil density
o 141.5
API   131.5
o
o
289 o 
w
PETE 310
Lecture # 15
Properties of Black Oils
Definitions
(pages 224-240)
290
Phase Diagram of a
Black Oil Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions
Path of Production
CP
Pressure
75% 50%
25%
291 Temperature
Properties of Black Oils Needed for
Reservoir Engineering Calculations:
– Formation Volume Factor of oil Bo

–
– Total Formation Volume Factor of oil Bt
–
– Solution Gas oil Ratio Rs
–
– Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility Co
–
292
Properties of Black Oils Needed for
Reservoir Engineering Calculations:
– Coefficient of isobaric thermal expansion o

–
– Oil Viscosity o
–
– Interfacial Tension
–
293
Learning Goals
Understand the behavior of those PVT

properties (Bo,Rs,…) vs P and type of
fluid (now)
Evaluate PVT properties from (later)
– Field data
– Laboratory studies
– Correlations
294
Definitions
Specific gravity of a liquid


o ( P1 , T1 )
 o 
 w ( P1 , T1 )

API gravity
o 141.5
API   135
295
o
Definitions
Formation Volume Factor of Oil
Gas out of
Solution
Surface (Ps,Ts)
296
Reservoir (P,T)
Definitions
Volume of Oil + Dissolved gas

Bo = at Reservoir Pressure & Temp.
Volume of Oil entering Stock
tank at Tsc, Psc

Units = Reservoir barrels (bbl) /Stock tank barrels (STB)
297
General Shape of Bo
Reservoir T = constant
Bo
Pb
Reservoir Pressure
298
Solution Gas Oil Ratio (Rs)
How much gas is dissolved in the oil

volume per volume basis
Rs depends upon pressure
Units [= ] SCF gas /STB oil
299
General Shape of Solution Gas
Oil Ratio (Rs)
Rs
Pb
Reservoir Pressure
300
Total Formation Volume Factor Bt
Pb
Bg(Rsb-Rs)
Bob Gas
Oil
Oil Bo
Hg Hg
301
Definition of Bt
Also called Two-phase formation

volume factor
Bt  Bo  Bg Rsb  Rs 
Units…
bbl/STB + bbl/SCF * (SCF/STB)
302
General Shape of Bt
Bo, Bt
Bt
Bt=Bo
Bo Pb
Reservoir Pressure
303
Definition of Oil & Gas PVT Properties
Separator gas
Separator gas Rv =
Standard
Separator gas
Conditions
Bg =
STB
gas
P4 P3 Reservoir
P2 P1
gas gas
oil oil
oil oil
Decreasing Pressure
Separator gas
Separator gas
Standard oil
Conditions
STB Bo = Rs=
304 STB STB
The Coefficient of Isothermal
Compressibility of Oil
Provides Instantaneous change of
volume with P at constant T
1  V 
Co PA , TA     P 
V   TA
Also with molar volume
305
and specific volume
Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion
306 (Use in Steam Injection Processes)

Oil Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance

to flow exerted by a fluid
This is called dynamic viscosity and has
units of
centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm
Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density,
units are in
centistokes = centipoise /g/cc
307
Needs of Crude Oil Viscosity
Calculation of two-phase flow

Gas-lift and pipeline design
Calculate oil recovery either from
natural depletion or from recovery
techniques such as waterflooding
and gas-injection processes
308
S e p a r a tio n a n d
P r o d u c tio n We ll
S to r a g e Fa c ilitie s
HC Gas In je c tion
In je c tion We ll
fro m Pip e lin e
o r R e c yc le
2 1
Oil Ba n k /
1 Oil Zo n e 2 Mis c ib le Fr o n t
309
Variation of Oil Viscosity
T = constant
Gas Out of
Oil Viscosity
Solution
Two Phase Flow Single Phase Flow
Pb
310
PETE 310
Lecture # 16
Chapter 9 – Properties of Black
Oils from Field Data
311
Analyzing Production Trends
Gas production trends

– Dissolved gas only
– Dissolved and free gas
Pressure trends
– Bubble point pressure determination
– Adjustment of surface gas data

312
Separators
y iSP
y iST
x iST
Usually vented
Wellhead
Note for a black oil have more liquid produced than for a wet gas –
Less oil shrinkage and lower GOR
313
Production Trends
Production Data - Aggie Field
2000 3800
GOR (scf/STB)
1800 3600
Average Production Pressure
Producing Gas Oil Ratio (scf/STB)
1600 (psia) 3400

1400
3200
Pressure (psia)
1200
3000
1000
2800
800
2600
600
400 2400
200 2200
0 2000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Cumulative Oil Production (MSTB)
314
Production Trends
Production Data - Aggie Field
2000 3800
GOR (scf/STB)
1800 3600
Average Production Pressure
Producing Gas Oil Ratio (scf/STB)
1600 (psia) 3400

1400
3200
Pressure (psia)
1200
3000
1000
800
2800 pb
2600
600
400 2400
200 2200
RSB 0 2000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Cumulative Oil Production (MSTB)
315
Adjustment of Surface Gas Data
Gas from the stock tank usually is

vented
Ignoring this gas could lead to
estimates for Rsb 10% to 20% lower
Solution:
– Add stock-tank gas-oil ratio obtained
from a correlation to the Rsb obtained
from field data
316
Graphical Procedure
Interpolations
B
needed
Easy to mix up
lines
Note the trends in
RST
317
Reading from graph can lead to

substantial round off error
Equation B-36 in Appendix B page
518 has been used to create Figure
9.3
Be careful with the units required in
the equation
318
 Equation

ln RST  A1  A2 log  STO  A3 log  gST  A4 log pSP  A5 log TSP

 Here the temperature is in oF
 Read constants A1 through A5 from text book
 Note the differences in oil and gas specific
gravities (density oil/density water, vs Gas
molecular weight/ air molecular weight)
 Note subscripts STO at stock tank p and T, SP at
separator p and T
319
A Conceptual quiz
 An oil with API395scf/STB

gravity 
of 50 will have a lower
RST than an oil with
API gravity of 20
– TRUE ?
– FALSE?
– DEPENDS?
Discuss
320
PETE 310
Lecture # 17
Chapter 10 – Properties of Black
Oils - Reservoir Fluid Studies
321
Fluid Properties for Reservoir
Engineering Processes
The fluid properties of interest to the
Reservoir Engineer are those that affect
the mobility of fluids within the
reservoirs these are used in material
balance calculations
Properties at surface conditions for
transportation and sales (API, viscosity,
oil quality)
322
Fluid Properties for Reservoir
Engineering Processes
PVT properties are determined from 5
specific lab procedures
– Flash liberation tests

– Differential Liberation Tests
– Viscosity Measurements
– Separator Tests
– Compositional measurements
323
Fluid Properties Determined
Oil Properties
– Bubble Point Pressure
– Bo
– Rs
– Bt
– Co and o
Gas properties
– z
– Bg and g
Compositions oil & gas
324
Oil Sampling Procedures
Bottom hole or subsurface samples


Separator Samples
SAMPLE BEFORE RESERVOIR

PRESSURE DROPS BELOW Pb

325
1.Flash Vaporization Test
1 2 3 4 5
gas gas
b
V =V
V V
t1 t2 V V
t3
t4
oil oil oil t5
oil
oil
Hg Hg Hg
Hg
Hg
P >> P P > P P = P P < P P <P

1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 4
326
Temperature of Test = Reservoir Temperature
1.Flash Vaporization Test
Properties determined
– Pb
– Co
327
Determination of Pb
328
Determination of Co
329
2.Differential Separation
Test
Gas off
1 2 3 4 5
gas gas
gas
oil
oil oil oil
oil
Hg Hg oil
Hg
Hg
Hg
P =P P <P P <P P < P P <P < P
1 b 2 b 2 b 2 b 3 2 b
330 Temperature of Test = Reservoir Temperature

2.Differential Separation
Test
Properties Determined
– Oil formation volume factor at the Bubble
Point pressure Bodb and below the bubble point
pressure Bod
– Solution gas-oil ratio at the Bubble Point
pressure Rsdb and below the bubble point
pressure Rsd
– Isothermal compressibility (derived property)
331
3. Separator Tests
Tests performed at a combination

of different Temperature and
Pressure pairs
332
3. Separator Tests
Goals: Maximize API, minimize BoSb
& RsSb
333
Optimization of Separator 2
Conditions
3300 2.86
High Pressure Separator @ 900 psia and 100 ºF
Formation Volume Factor at Pb (Bob)

3280
Solution Gas Oil Ratio at Pb (Rsb)
2.84
3260
2.82
3240
2.80
3220
3200 2.78
3180
o
T = 75 F 2.76
Sep2
3160
334 50 100 150 200 250 300
Separator 2 Pressure (psia)
Comparison between 1 & 2
Separators Stages (volatile oil)
3460
Formation Volume Factor at Pb (Bob)

2.96
Solution Gas Oil Ratio at Pb (Rsb)
3440
One Separator Stage

3420 2.94
3400
2.92
3380
Low Pressure Separator @ 300 psia and 75ºF 2.90

3360 o
TSep1 = 160 F
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
335
Separator 1 Pressure (psia)
Typical PVT Properties for a
Black Oil and a Volatile Oil
3.2
o
Black Oil T =180 F
3.0 R
Volatile Oil
Formation Volume Factor (Bo)
2.8 Black Oil Correlation

2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2 P P
b b
1.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
336
Pressure (psia)
Typical PVT Properties for a
Black Oil and a Volatile Oil
4000
Black Oil o
T =180 F
R
Volatile Oil
Black Oil Correlation
Solution Gas Oil Ratio (Rs)
3000
2000
1000
P P
b b
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pressure (psia)
337
Nomenclature
338
4. Compositional Tests
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/CHROMO/chromintro.html
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/CHROMO/chroanim.html
339
Residual Oil
• The remaining of volume at atmospheric P @
the end of the test is converted to volume at 60
o
F. Normally an average thermal contraction
coefficient of 0.00046 (V/V)/ oF is used.
Oil Volume VL
Bod  
ResidualVolume VSC
Total Volume Gas Volume  Oil Volume

Btd  
ResidualVolume ResidualVolume
340
GOR
Total Gas Envoloved @1atm  Gas Volume @ Each Stage P
Rsd 
ResidualVolume
Gas Volume @ Final Stage  Gas Volume @ Each Stage P

Rsd 
Residual Volume
 SCF 
Rsd Has The unit of  
 bbl 
341
Measured Properties
• Formation Volume Factor
• MW of Condensate and Gas
• SG of Condensate and Gas
• The mixture molecular weight ois
calculated by
mg  mo
MWmix 
 mg mo 
  
342
 MWg MWo 
FACTORS FOR UNIT CONVERSIONS
Mass 1.00000Kg Mass 1.00000lbm
= 1000.00000g = 16.00000oz
= 0.00100metric ton = 0.00050ton
= 2.20462lbm = 453.59300g
= 35.27392oz = 0.45359Kg
Length 1.0000000m Length 1.0000ft

= 100.0000000cm = 12.0000in
= 1000.0000000mm = 1/3yd
= 1000000.000microns meter = 0.3048m
= 10000000000.000angstroms = 30.4800cm
= 39.3700000in
= 3.2808000ft
= 1.0936000yd
= 0.0006214mile
Volume 1m3 Volume 1ft3

= 1000liters = 1728in3
= 1000000cm3 = 7.4805gal
= 1000000mlt = 0.028317m3
= 35.3145ft3 = 28.317liters
= 220.83imperial gallons = 28317cm3
= 264.17gal = 0.1781076bbl
= 6.2898106bbl
= 1056.68qt
Force 1N Force 1lbf

= 1Kg.m/s2 = 32.174lbm.ft/s2
= 100000dynes = 4.4482N
= 100000g.cm/s2 = 444820dynes
= 0.22481lbf
FACTORS FOR UNIT CONVERSIONS
Pressure 1atm Energy 1J
= 101325N/m2 = 1N.m
= 101325Pa = 10000000ergs
= 101.325Kpa = 10000000dyne.cm
= 1.01325bars = 0.0000002778Kw.h
= 1013250dynes/cm2 = 0.23901cal
= 760mm Hg at 0 oC = 0.7376ft-lbf
= 760torr = 0.0009486Btu
= 10.333m H2O at 4 oC
= 14.696lbf/in2
= 14.696psi
= 33.9ft H2O at 4 oC
= 29.921in Hg at 0 oC
Power 1W gc 1Kg.m/N.s2
= 1J/s = 1g.cm/dyne.s3
= 0.23901cal/s = 32.174lbm.ft/lbf.s2
= 0.7376ft.lbf/s
= 0.0009486Btu/s g/gc 9.8N/Kg
= 0.001341hp 980dyne/g
Temperature 1 oC T(oK) = T(oC) + 273.15
274.15oK T(oR) = T(oF) + 459.67
33.8oF T(oR) =1.8* T(oK)
493.47oR T(oF) =1.8* T(oC) +32
Water density 1g/cm3 H2O at 4 oC Air density 1.210g/cm3 Air at 20 oC

1000Kg/m3 H2O at 4 oC 1210Kg/m3 Air at 20 oC
62.3664lbm/ft3 H2O at 4 oC 75.5381lbm/ft3 Air at 20 oC
Gas 1lbmol
379ft3
Gas Constant 8.314m3.Pa/mol.oK 1 Kmol 1000.000mol

0.08314lt.bar/mol.oK 1000.000gmol
0.08205lt.atm/mol.oK 2.2046lbmol
62.3601283lt. mm Hg/mol.oK 1 lbm 0.45359Kmol
0.7302ft3.atm/lbmol.oR 453.59mol
10.7310ft3.Psia/lbmol.oR 453.59gmol
8.314J/mol.oK 1 mol 1gmol
1.98712914cal/mol.oK 0.001Kmol
1.98740775Btu/lbmol.oR 0.0022046lbmol
TABLE A-1A—COMPONENT PROPERTIES FOR CUSTOMARY UNITS

Reservoir Fluids Properties V2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Reservoir Fluids Properties V2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PEE 232: Reservoir Fluids Properties

Instructor : Dr. Salem S. Al-Marri

Office: Building No. 6 Office No. 149

Office Hours: Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, 11-1 or by appointment

Grading: Lecture Grade: 100%

The lecture grades will be divided as follows:

Homework: Homework will be assigned as needed in class and due as assigned.

Quizzes: Instructor may select to use unannounced pop quizzes.

Physical principles of petroleum engineering, dimensional

After completing this course, the student should be able to;

1. Develop an understanding and a working knowledge in gas engineering.

This course will enhance the student's

a. Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering.

 The ability to compute separates the

provides properties of all elements

All matter consists of tiny particles

 Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus

Protons and neutrons are far more

Atomic number of an element is the

The molecular weight is the sum of

The weight in grams equivalent to

POSITIVE ION NEGATIVE ION

Read MCain pages 1-12 (today),

A lyphatics A rom atics

A lk anes A lk enes A lkynes Cyclic Alyph atics

 See additional properties from text

H3C CH3 ethane

 Always check syllabus

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Cyclic Aliphatics

General formula & Nomenclature

Starting element in the family

 Physical & Chemical Properties

Polypropylene is an important commercial product made from

Three structural isomers for

 Other names &

 Other names & nomenclature

 Other names & nomenclature H3C CH3

H3C 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane CH2HC

H2C CH2 CH2 CH3

55 3-octene H3C H 3C 4-ethyl-1-hexene

H 3C CH2 CH2 CH2 C CH3

 Cycloaliphatics with substituted groups

Oils may have up to 10% of S on a

Molecular Structure of Asphaltene Proposed for 510C Residue of

Very small amounts but heavily

Homework Due Wednesday

Next Class we will start Chapter 2

After completing this chapter

 As oil and gas are produced from the

This behavior is used to classify the

 System: A body of matter with finite

Phase: A portion of the system

 Homogeneous System: Intensive

 Heterogeneous System: System made up

Types of phase diagrams for a

Triple Point Vapor (1 phase)

Sublimation Curve (2 phases)

One point in the

See Syllabus for HW Problems due

After completing this chapter you will

After completing this chapter you will

Triple Point Vapor (1 phase)