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Basic Concepts
Basic Concepts
Concepts
DBM
•
S
Database Management System
• Term Database requires understanding of
data and information
• Data: It can be anything like name, place or
number, etc. Data usually refers to raw data,
or unprocessed data.
Data does not help in decision making Information helps in decision making
Databas
• A database is a eshared collection of
logically related data designed to meet the
information needs of an organization
• The related information when
placed is an organized form makes
a database.
• The organization of data/information is
necessary because unorganized
information has no meaning.
Purpose of
An example DBMS
•University Database:
Data about students, faculty, courses,
research- laboratories, course
registration/enrollment etc. Reflects the
state of affairs of the academic aspects of
the university.
Purpose: To keepan accurate trackof
the academic activities of the
university.
Purpose of
Before DBMS
DBMSs were introduced,
organizations usually stored information in
file processing system which has a number
of disadvantages:
•Data redundancy and inconsistency
•Difficulty in accessing data
•Data isolation
•Integrity problems
•Atomicity problems
•Concurrent-access anomalies
•Security problems
Database Management
System
• DBMS A database management system is
the software system that allows users to
define, create and maintain a database
and provides controlled access to the
data.
• A database management system (DBMS)
is basically a collection of programs that
enables users to store, modify, and
extract information from a database as
per the requirements.
Operations on
databases
• To add new information
• To view or retrieve the stored information
• To modify or edit the existing
• To remove or delete the
unwanted information
• Arranging the information in a desired
order etc.
Components of
Database
• Five major components in database
system environment:
– Hardware
– Software
– Data
– Users
– Procedures
Components of Database
• Hardware: It System
is the actual computer
system used for keeping and accessing
the database. DBMS hardware consists of
secondary storage devices like hard
disks.
• Software: It is the actual DBMS. Between
the physical database itself and the users
of system is a layer of software, called
DBMS.
• Data: Data acts as the bridge between the
machine components and user
components.
Components of Database
•
System
Users: There are number of users who
can access or retrieve data on demand
using the applications and the interfaces
provided by DBMS. The users can be:
– Naïve users
– Online users
– Application Programmers
– Sophisticated Users
– Data base Administrator ( DBA)
The users of the database can be classified into the
following groups −
Native users − The native users need not be aware of
the presence of the database system. They are end users
of the database who works through a menu driven
application programs, where the type and range of
response is always indicated to the user
Online users − Online users may communicate with
databases directly through an online terminal or
indirectly through user interface and application
programs.
Sophisticated Users − They are those users who
interact with the system without writing the program
instead they form their request in database query
language. They are the SQL programmers, who are
going to deal directly with the database. They write
queries to delete or select or insert and update the
database.
Application Programmer − The application
programmer users who are responsible for developing
the application programs or user interface. The
application programs could be written in high level
language. For example − Java, .net, php etc,
Database Administrator (DBA) − It is a person
or the group in charge of implementing the
database system within the organization. The
DBA has all the privileges allowed by the
DBMS and can assign or remove the privileges
from the users.
Components of Database
System
• Procedures: It refers to the instructions
and rules that govern the design and the
use of the database. The users of the
system and the staff that manage the
database requires documented
procedures on how to use or run the
system.
Applications of
DBMS
• Banking: all transactions
• Airlines: reservations, schedules
• Universities: registration, grades
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
customized
• Online retailers: ordertracking,
recommendations
• Manufacturing: production, inventory,
orders, supply chain
• Human resources: employee records,
salaries, tax deductions
Data models, Schemas, and
Instances
• Data model:-A set of concepts to describe
the structure of a database, and certain
constraints that the database should obey.
• Schema:- The overall description of the
database is called the Database Schema.
– A schema is defined as an outline or a plan that
describes the records and relationships existing
at the particular level.
• Instance:- Data in the database at a
particular moment in time.
Data
abstraction
• A major purpose of database system is to
provide user with an abstract view of data.
That is, system hides certain details of
how the data are stored and maintained.
Levels of Abstraction(view of
• Physical level: data)
describes how a record
(e.g., customer) is stored.
• Logical level: describes what data stored in
database, and the relationships among the
data. DBA, who decides what information to
keep in the database, use the logical level of
abstraction.
• View level: describe only part of database.
application programs hide details of data
types. Complexity remain due to variety of
information stored. Views can also hide
information (such as an employee’s salary)
for security purposes.
View of
Data