ch1 Os
ch1 Os
Operating System Concepts – 10h Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Course Syllabus
• Introduction.
• Operating-System Structures.
Processes.
• Threads.
• CPU Scheduling.
• Process Synchronization.
• Deadlocks.
• Main Memory Management.
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Objectives
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What Does the Term Operating System Mean?
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What is an Operating System?
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Computer System Structure
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Abstract View of Components of Computer
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What Operating Systems Do
Depends on the point of view
Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
• Don’t care about resource utilization
But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep
all users happy
• Operating system is a resource allocator and control program
making efficient use of HW and managing execution of user
programs
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers
Mobile devices like smartphones and tables are resource poor,
optimized for usability and battery life
• Mobile user interfaces such as touch screens, voice recognition
Some computers have little or no user interface, such as embedded
computers in devices and automobiles
• Run primarily without user intervention
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Operating System Definition
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Overview of Computer System Structure
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Computer System Organization
Computer-system operation
• One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
• Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory
cycles
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Computer-System Operation
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Common Functions of Interrupts
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Interrupt Handling
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Storage Structure
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Storage Structure
Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU can
access directly
• Random access
• Typically volatile
• Typically random-access memory in the form of
Dynamic Random-access Memory (DRAM)
Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides
large nonvolatile storage capacity
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Storage Structure (Cont.)
Hard Disk Drives (HDD) – rigid metal or glass platters covered
with magnetic recording material
• Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided
into sectors
• The disk controller determines the logical interaction between
the device and the computer
Non-volatile memory (NVM) devices– faster than hard disks,
nonvolatile
• Various technologies
• Becoming more popular as capacity and performance increases,
price drops
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Storage Definitions and Notation Review
The basic unit of computer storage is the bit. A bit can contain one of two
values, 0 and 1. All other storage in a computer is based on collections of bits.
Given enough bits, it is amazing how many things a computer can represent:
numbers, letters, images, movies, sounds, documents, and programs, to name
a few. A byte is 8 bits, and on most computers it is the smallest convenient
chunk of storage. For example, most computers don’t have an instruction to
move a bit but do have one to move a byte. A less common term is word,
which is a given computer architecture’s native unit of data. A word is made
up of one or more bytes. For example, a computer that has 64-bit registers and
64-bit memory addressing typically has 64-bit (8-byte) words. A computer
executes many operations in its native word size rather than a byte at a time.
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Storage Hierarchy
Storage systems organized in hierarchy
• Speed
• Cost
• Volatility
Caching – copying information into faster storage system; main
memory can be viewed as a cache for secondary storage
Device Driver for each device controller to manage I/O
• Provides uniform interface between controller and kernel
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Storage-Device Hierarchy
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How a Modern Computer Works
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Direct Memory Access Structure
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Operating-System Operations
Bootstrap program – simple code to initialize the system, load the
kernel
Kernel loads
Starts system daemons (services provided outside of the kernel)
Kernel interrupt driven (hardware and software)
• Hardware interrupt by one of the devices
• Software interrupt (exception or trap):
Software error (e.g., division by zero)
Request for operating system service – system call
Other process problems include infinite loop, processes
modifying each other or the operating system
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Multiprogramming (Batch system)
Single user cannot always keep CPU and I/O devices busy
Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU
always has one to execute
A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory
One job selected and run via job scheduling
When job has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to
another job
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Multitasking (Timesharing)
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Memory Layout for Multiprogrammed System
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Dual-mode Operation
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Transition from User to Kernel Mode
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Process Management Activities
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Memory Management
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Mass-Storage Management
Usually disks used to store data that does not fit in main
memory or data that must be kept for a “long” period of time
Proper management is of central importance
Entire speed of computer operation hinges on disk subsystem
and its algorithms
OS activities
• Mounting and unmounting
• Free-space management
• Storage allocation
• Disk scheduling
• Partitioning
• Protection
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Caching
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Characteristics of Various Types of Storage
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Migration of data “A” from Disk to Register
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Protection and Security
Protection – any mechanism for controlling access of processes or
users to resources defined by the OS
Security – defense of the system against internal and external attacks
• Huge range, including denial-of-service, worms, viruses, identity
theft, theft of service
Systems generally first distinguish among users, to determine who
can do what
• User identities (user IDs, security IDs) include name and
associated number, one per user
• User ID then associated with all files, processes of that user to
determine access control
• Group identifier (group ID) allows set of users to be defined and
controls managed, then also associated with each process, file
• Privilege escalation allows user to change to effective ID with
more rights
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Virtualization
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Computing Environments - Virtualization
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Distributed Systems
Collection of separate, possibly heterogeneous, systems networked
together
• Network is a communications path, TCP/IP most common
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Network Operating System provides features between systems
across network
• Communication scheme allows systems to exchange messages
• Illusion of a single system
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Computer System Architecture
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Computer-System Architecture
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Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture
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Dual-Core Design
Multi-chip and multicore
Systems containing all chips
• Chassis containing multiple separate systems
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Clustered Systems
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Computer System Environments
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Computing Environments
Traditional
Mobile
Client Server
Peer-to-Peer
Cloud computing
Real-time Embedded
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Traditional
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Mobile
Handheld smartphones, tablets, etc.
What is the functional difference between them and a
“traditional” laptop?
Extra feature – more OS features (GPS, gyroscope)
Allows new types of apps like augmented reality
Use IEEE 802.11 wireless, or cellular data networks for
connectivity
Leaders are Apple iOS and Google Android
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Client Server
Client-Server Computing
• Dumb terminals supplanted by smart PCs
• Many systems now servers, responding to requests generated by
clients
Compute-server system provides an interface to client to
request services (i.e., database)
File-server system provides interface for clients to store and
retrieve files
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Peer-to-Peer
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Cloud Computing
Delivers computing, storage, even apps as a service
across a network
Logical extension of virtualization because it uses
virtualization as the base for it functionality.
• Amazon EC2 has thousands of servers, millions of
virtual machines, petabytes of storage available
across the Internet, pay based on usage
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Cloud Computing (Cont.)
Many types
• Public cloud – available via Internet to anyone willing to pay
• Private cloud – run by a company for the company’s own use
• Hybrid cloud – includes both public and private cloud components
• Software as a Service (SaaS) – one or more applications available
via the Internet (i.e., word processor)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) – software stack ready for application
use via the Internet (i.e., a database server)
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – servers or storage available
over Internet (i.e., storage available for backup use)
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End of Chapter 1
Operating System Concepts – 10h Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018