AND AUDIENCES

OF COUNSELING,
THE PROCESS
AND DIFFERENT
METHODS
A counselor should have a strong
desire to help other people and
should be able to inspire respect,
trust, and confidence to its clients.
The clients of counseling has
different types and needs thus, a
counselor that will handle the case
should have occupational specialty
as to what kind of clientele and
audience he/she have.
Clientele of Counselling
ROLE OF COUNSELOR CLIENTELE AND THEIR NEEDS
School counselor Students who need to resolve personal conflicts or
stressful situations.
Job hunting coach People who need help in finding necessary information
to get employment suitable for them

Conflict manage provider People who need help in dealing with conflict in order
to deescalate it, if not resolve it positively

Human resource personnel Employees who need to resolve work-related issues or

concerns
Marriage counselor People (ex. Couples and children) who need help in
dealing with family related issues that threaten their
unity
Rehabilitation counselor People who need help in overcoming their problems or
mitigate the negative effects of drug abuse

Bereavement counselor People who need assistance in coping with loss

Stages of the Counseling Process
There is a natural progression that takes place within the
context of the helping relationship. This process enables you
and the person you are working with to build a relationship,
assess the situation, set goals and come up with a plan to
bring about your desired results. This progression is known
as the counseling process. There are four stages of the
counseling process. They are: developing a relationship,
making an informed assessment, establishing mutually
agreed upon goals and objectives and developing an
implementation plan.
 Phase 1. Developing A Relationship
In order to develop positive helping relationships
with youth, you’ve got to be able to connect with
them. This can only happen when youth are made
to feel like you genuinely care about their well-
being and that you understand where they are
coming from. It’s about behaving in a way that
demonstrates the core conditions of genuineness,
respect and empathy.
 Phase 2. Making An Informed
Assessment
An informed assessment happens when both you and the
youth gather information in order to figure out what’s “really”
going on so that you can assess what needs to happen next in
order to change the situation for the better or build up the
youth’s coping skills to better deal with a problematic
situation. The first step in making an assessment is to find out
if change is necessary, and if it is what needs to happen for
change to take place. If you have determined that change is
necessary, then the next step is to figure out what needs to
change. Is it a behavior? An attitude? A situation?
  
A good assessment can How do you gather information in
provide an opportunity for a order to make an informed
assessment? You can gather
young person to see how information in a number of ways:
his/her behavior or attitude talking with youth, observing the
might be contributing to an youth’s behavior and interactions,
discussions with other people who
undesirable or unhealthy are involved in the young person’s
situation. Assessment is an life, and reading any documented
ongoing process. You need to information on the young person.
regularly check in with your Keep in mind that when utilizing
someone else’s verbal or written
youth to see how things are report as a source of background
going. Reassessments enable information, you run the risk of
you to ensure that you and subjecting yourself to their biases
and assumptions.
the youth are on the right
track.
 Phase 3. Establishing Mutually Agreed
Upon Goals and Objectives
Why is it important to establish “mutually agreed” upon goals
and objectives? Because if a young person is in agreement with
the goals then he/she is more likely to follow through on them.
When a youth is actively involved in the goal setting process and
is in agreement with the goals, then he/she is more inclined to
take ownership of the goals. What are goals? Goals are broad
statements that identify what you want to accomplish. Think of
goals as the end result that you are trying to achieve. While
goals are broad statements that identify what you want to
accomplish overall, objectives are the measurable steps that you
take to achieve your goals.
Phase 4. Implementation Plan
The implementation plan is a plan that you As you can see, each stage of the
and the youth work on together. It is designed to counseling process builds upon the
prevent, intervene, or address unhealthy former. As you move through each
behaviors and practices. The implementation stage, you will come to realize that it
plan identifies who will perform the activities, takes patience and practice to counsel
where the activities will occur, how frequently
youth effectively, but if you are
they will occur, how they will be carried out and
when they will be carried out. Implementation committed to the goal you’ll do just
activities are designed to help individuals re- fine. You may not feel completely
think risky behavior, work through problematic confident in your ability as a
issues, address unhealthy lifestyles practices, counselor, but as you expand your
learn new skills and build strengths. knowledge base, gain more experience
Implementation activities can include:
and strengthen your helping skills, you
counseling, crisis intervention, training and
education, supportive services, concrete services
will become a more effective
and constructive use of free time. counselor.
METHODS OF COUNSELING
Both Counsellors and Psychotherapists work from a variety of
Theoretical Approaches with their clients. These therapies
range from the type of Psychoanalysis, originally practised by
Sigmund Freud and later developed into other forms of
analytic psychotherapy by his pupils, through Humanistic
Psychotherapy (based on personal growth and self
development) to the Behavioural Therapies used for dealing
with specific phobias and anxieties. However there is evidence
that the relationship between the counsellor and the client is
more important than the approach the therapist uses.
 Adlerian Therapy
Adlerian Therapy, originated by Alfred Adler, is also
called individual psychology and focuses on creating a
therapeutic relationship that is co-operative,
encouraging and practical. Adlerian counsellors help
clients look at their lifestyle and personal values to help
them understand and question their usual patterns of
behaviour and hidden goals. It is a learning process that
assists the client to move towards useful involvement
and contribution to society.
Behavioural Therapy
This therapy is based on the belief that
behaviour is learnt in response to past
experience and can be unlearnt, or
reconditioned, without analysing the past
to find the reason for the behaviour. It
works well for compulsive and obsessive
behaviour, fears, phobias and addictions.
Cognitive Analytical Therapy
This combines Cognitive Therapy and
Psychotherapy and encourages clients to
draw on their own ability to develop the skills
to change destructive patterns of behaviour.
Negative ways of thinking are explored in
structured and directive ways, involving
diary-keeping, progress charts, etc.
 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
This combines Cognitive and Behavioural
techniques. Clients are taught ways to
change thoughts and expectations and
relaxation techniques are used. It has been
effective for stress-related ailments, phobias,
obsessions, eating disorders and (at the same
time as drug treatment) major depression.
 EMDR
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a
form of psychotherapy that was developed to resolve symptoms
resulting from disturbing and unresolved life experiences. EMDR is
thought to imitate the psychological state that we enter into when
in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Studies show that when in
REM sleep we are able to make new associations between things
very rapidly – EMDR may be tapping into this high speed
processing mode that we all have but often can’t access. The
theory is that EMDR works directly with memory networks and
enhances information processing by creating associations between
the distressing memory and more adaptive information in other
memory networks.
 Family Therapy
This is used to treat a family
system rather than individual
members of the family. A form of
Systemic Therapy, it requires
specifically trained counsellors.
 Gestalt Therapy
The name is derived from the German for
“organized whole”. Developed by Fritz Perls, it
focuses on the whole of the client’s experience,
including feelings, thoughts and actions. The
client gains self-awareness in the `here and now’
by analyzing behavior and body language and
talking about bottled up feelings. This approach
often includes acting out scenarios and dream
recall.
 Humanistic Therapy
Coming from the “personal growth movement” this
approach encourages people to think about their
feelings and take responsibility for their thoughts and
actions. Emphasis is on self-development and achieving
highest potential. “Client-Centred” or “Non-Directive”
approach is often used and the therapy can be
described as “holistic” or looking at person as a whole.
The client’s creative instincts may be used to explore
and resolve personal issues.
 Integrative Therapy
This is when several distinct
models of counselling and
psychotherapy are used together.
 Mindfulness
Mindfulness is a specific way of intentionally paying
attention. One negative thought can lead to a chain reaction
of negative thoughts. This approach encourages people to be
aware of each thought, enabling the first negative thought to
be ‘caught’ so that is seen as just a ‘thought’ and not a fact.
This breaks the chain reaction of negative thoughts giving a
mental ‘space’ in which the person can re-centre themselves
in the present. Mindfulness-based therapists can work with
individuals and groups and will usually integrate mindfulness
into another modality, in which they are already trained.
 Person-Centered Therapy
Devised by Carl Rogers and also called “Client-Centred” or
“Rogerian” counselling, this is based on the assumption that a
client seeking help in the resolution of a problem they are
experiencing, can enter into a relationship with a counsellor
who is sufficiently accepting and permissive to allow the client
to freely express any emotions and feelings. This will enable
the client to come to terms with negative feelings, which may
have caused emotional problems, and develop inner
resources. The objective is for the client to become able to see
himself as a person, with the power and freedom to change,
rather than as an object.
 Primal Therapy
Primal Therapy is not generally seen as model
of therapy that is used on its own. It is usually an
additional way of working within the more
general therapeutic approach in which therapists
are trained. This is based on the theory that
buried birth or infancy distress can resurface as
neuroses. The therapy takes the client back to the
“primal scene” where trauma can be re-
experienced as an emotional cleansing.
 Psychoanalysis
This is based on the work of Sigmund Freud, who believed
that the unacceptable thoughts of early childhood are banished
to the unconscious mind but continue to influence thoughts,
emotions and behaviour. “Repressed” feelings can surface later
as conflicts, depression, etc or through dreams or creative
activities. The analyst seeks to interpret and make acceptable to
the client’s conscious mind, troublesome feelings and
relationships from the past. “Transference” onto the analyst, of
feelings about figures in the client’s life, is encouraged. This type
of therapy is often used by clients suffering high levels of distress
and can be a lengthy and intensive process.
 Psychosynthesis
Sometimes described as “psychology of the
soul”. It is the name given to a series of actions
that lead to a change or development which
encourages personal growth by a bringing
together of the whole person – the emotional,
the mental, the physical and spiritual within a safe
environment. Psychosynthesis is useful for people
seeking a new, more spiritually oriented vision of
themselves.
 Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
This promotes positive change rather
than dwelling on past problems. Clients
are encouraged to focus positively on
what they do well and to set goals and
work out how to achieve them. As little
as 3 or 4 sessions may be beneficial.
 Transpersonal Therapy
This describes any form of counselling
or therapy which placesemphasis on
spirituality, human potential or
heightened consciousness. It includes
psychosynthesis.
INDIVIDUAL AND
COMMUNITY
Community is made of individuals who develop communications and
other forms of interactions, especially through affections and activities.
As Brueggemann (2002) said, "communities are natural human
associations based on ties of relationship and shared experiences in
which we mutually provide meaning in our lives, meet needs, and
accomplish interpersonal goals" (p. 114). As Figure 4.1 indicates, the
individual makes the community. The community creates organizations
to better the lives of individual members. In other words, the
community provides a system of support for the individual.
Organization enhances this system of support.
WHAT IS A NEED?
From an individual point of
view, needs are physiological,
psychological, or sociological
deficiencies that someone
may be experiencing. One of
the most common theories of
needs is Maslow's hierarchy
model, which explains human
needs in terms of the
following: