Transport Layer and Services

Transport Layer and
Services
Transport layer Services
Process-to-Process Communication
 Addressing: Port Numbers
 Encapsulation and Decapsulation
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
 Flow Control
 Error Control
 Congestion Control
 Connectionless and Connection-Oriented Services
Network layer versus transport layer
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 3

ICANN (The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) ranges

Note
The well-known port numbers are

less than 1,024.

Socket address

IP addresses versus port numbers
13 Destination port number

selects the process
Data

Encapsulation and decapsulation

Multiplexing and demultiplexing

Position of UDP in the TCP/IP protocol suite

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
 connectionless, unreliable transport protocol.

 It does not add anything to the services of IP
except to provide process-to process
communication instead of host-to-host
communication.
 performs very limited error checking.
User datagram format

UDP Header Format Cont..
• Source port number. This is the port number used by the process running on the source host. It is 16
bits long, which means that the port number can range from 0 to 65,535. If the source host is the client
(a client sending a request), the port number, in most cases, is an ephemeral port number requested by
the process and chosen by the UDP software running on the source host. If the source host is the server
(a server sending a response), the port number, in most cases, is a well-known port number.
• Destination port number. This is the port number used by the process running on the destination host.
It is also 16 bits long. If the destination host is the server (a client sending a request), the port number,
in most cases, is a well-known port number. If the destination host is the client (a server sending a
response), the port number, in most cases, is an ephemeral port number. In this case, the server copies
the ephemeral port number it has received in the request packet.
• Length. This is a 16-bit field that defines the total length of the user datagram, header plus data. The
16 bits can define a total length of 0 to 65,535 bytes. However, the total length needs to be much less
because a UDP user datagram is stored in an IP datagram with a total length of 65,535 bytes. The
length field in a UDP user datagram is actually not necessary. A user datagram is encapsulated in an IP
datagram.
Example 14.1
The following is a dump of a UDP header in hexadecimal format.
a. What is the source port number?

b. What is the destination port number?
c. What is the total length of the user datagram?
d. What is the length of the data?
e. Is the packet directed from a client to a server or vice versa?
f. What is the client process?

Example 14.1 Continued
Solution
a. The source port number is the first four hexadecimal digits
(CB84)16 or 52100.
b. The destination port number is the second four hexadecimal
digits (000D)16 or 13.
c. The third four hexadecimal digits (001C)16 define the length of
the whole UDP packet as 28 bytes.
d. The length of the data is the length of the whole packet
minus the length of the header, or 28 – 8 = 20 bytes.
e. Since the destination port number is 13 (well-known port), the
packet is from the client to the server.
f. The client process is the Daytime (see Table 14.1).
Pseudoheader for checksum calculation

Example 14.2
Figure 14.4 shows the checksum calculation for a very small user
datagram with only 7 bytes of data. Because the number of bytes
of data is odd, padding is added for checksum calculation. The
pseudoheader as well as the padding will be dropped when the
user datagram is delivered to IP

Checksum calculation for a simple UDP user datagram

Example 14.3
What value is sent for the checksum in one of the following
hypothetical situations?
a. The sender decides not to include the checksum.
b. The sender decides to include the checksum, but the value of

the sum is all 1s.
c. The sender decides to include the checksum, but the value of the
sum is all 0s.

Example 14.3 Continued
Solution
a. The value sent for the checksum field is all 0s to show that the
checksum is not calculated.
b. When the sender complements the sum, the result is all 0s; the
sender complements the result again before sending. The value
sent for the checksum is all 1s. The second complement
operation is needed to avoid confusion with the case in part a.
c. This situation never happens because it implies that the

value of every term included in the calculation of the sum is
all 0s, which is impossible; some fields in the pseudoheader
have nonzero values (see Appendix D).

UDP APPLICATION
The following lists some uses of the UDP protocol:

 UDP is suitable for a process that requires simple request-response
communication with little concern for flow and error control. It is not
usually used for a process such as FrP that needs to send bulk data.
 UDP is suitable for a process with internal flow and error control
mechanisms. For Example, the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
process includes flow and error control. It can easily use UDP.
 UDP is a suitable transport protocol for multicasting. Multicasting
capability is embedded in the UDP software but not in the TCP software.
 UDP is used for management processes such as SNMP.
 UDP is used for some route updating protocols such as Routing
Information Protocol (RIP).

Transport Layer and Services

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Transport Layer and

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 3

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 4

The well-known port numbers are

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 5

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 6

13 Destination port number

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 7

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 8

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 10

 connectionless, unreliable transport protocol.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 12

a. What is the source port number?

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 14

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 17

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 18

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 19

a. The sender decides not to include the checksum.

b. The sender decides to include the checksum, but the value of

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 20

c. This situation never happens because it implies that the

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 21

The following lists some uses of the UDP protocol:

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 22

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