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Ways of Expressing Concentrations of Solution
Ways of Expressing Concentrations of Solution
Concentrations of Solution
Do you agree that in our everyday lives we
encounter solutions all the time?
Examples:
Adding salt to the water when cooking
A bottle of vinegar is a solution of acetic
acid
Bleach is a solution of sodium
hypochlorite
Concentration
Measures the relative
proportions of solute
and solvent in a
solution.
How is the percentage concentration of
solutions expressed?
Percentage concentrations:
Percentage by mass
Percentage by volume
Percentage by mass-volume
Percentage by mass:
To find percentage by mass (Pm), we divide the mass
of the solute by the total mass of solution, then
multiply by 100.
Solution:
Practice Exercise:
What mass of a 4.00% NaOH solution by mass contains
15.0 g of NaOH?
Solution:
4% = 0 .0 4
10 0 %
0 .0 4 = 15g
X
0 .0 4 X = 15 g
0 .0 4 0 .0 4
X = 357 g
Percentage by volume:
To find percentage by volume, Pv, we divide
the volume of solute by the total volume of the
solution, then multiply by 100.
Sample Problem 3
Suppose we mixed 50.0 mL of alcohol with enough water to make
400 ml of solution. Find the percentage by volume of the solution?
Solution:
Sample Problem 4
What is the concentration of an alcohol solution that was prepared
by dissolving 40 cm3 ethanol in 160 cm3 water?
Solution:
Percentage by mass-volume:
To find the percentage by weight-volume, we
divide the mass of the solute in grams by the
volume of solution in millilitres.
Sample Problem 5
Find the percent by mass-volume of a solution that is made by
mixing 2.0 grams iodine in enough carbon tetrachloride to make 80 mL
of solution.
Solution:
Other ways:
Parts per million
Parts per billion
Parts per million
This unit is frequently used to describe the composition of natural
bodies of water or the quality of air.
One part per million is equivalent to 1 mg of solute per liter of
solution.
One part per billion is 1 μg of solute per liter of solution.
Sample Problem 6
Infant formula is often prepared from evaporated milk. In
1972, it was reported that canned evaporated milk contained
up to 3.2 ppm of lead. How many grams of lead are present
in 8 oz (470 mL) of evaporated milk at this concentration?
Solution:
- This question asks: 470 ml milk =? Grams of lead.
- The two conversion factors given by the unit of
concentration are:
Solution:
Using the conversion factor on the left. 470
ml. of milk contains…
Why is knowing the concentration
of a solution necessary?
The concentration of a solution helps us
determine the collision speed between particles in
a molecule or compound.
This will, in turn, determine the rate of a
particular reaction and the conditions in which
equilibrium can be maintained for the reaction.
Molarity
Molality
Normality
Mole Fraction
Molarity
- When working with solutions, we need to
know how much solute is present.
Solution:
a. We first calculate the number of moles in 3.6 g of HCl;
this is an application of our lesson on mole relationships
in the previous grading.
Find first the formula mass of HCl
H-1 x1 = 1
Cl-1 x 35= 35 then, 1+ 35 = 36 g/mol
(we are now ready to convert it into grams)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑛=
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
=(3.6 g)/(36 g/mol) = 0.10 mol
= 0.20 M
b. We have 6.0 L of solution and we first
calculate that
Solution:
You must first find the number of moles of NaOH in 200 mL (0.200 L)
of a 3.0 M solution and then change it to a number of grams.
Practice Problem
If 149.1 g of KCl is dissolved in water to make a 500
ml solution, what is the molarity of the solution?
Solution:
M = moles solute
L solution
= 149.1 g X mol
74.6 g
= 1.20 mol
0.500 L
= 2.4 mol/L
Molality
Molality is another common unit in chemistry for
expressing the concentration of a solution.
Molality is the number of moles of solute dissolved
in I kilogram of solvent.
Solution:
Sample Problem 2
An acid solution contains 20 kg of water and pure
hydrochloric acid (HCl). Its concentration is 0.75 mol/kg of
solvent. Compute for the number of moles of solute
contained in a solution.
Given: molality (m) = 0.75 mol/kg, kg of solvent = 20 kg
Unknown: moles of solute/ HCl
Solution:
Practice Exercise
A solution contains 68.4 g of sucrose dissolved in
250 g of water. What is the molality of the solution?
Solution:
What is the difference between Molarity and Molality?
When to use Molality and when to use Molarity?
Molality is used any time you expect the solute may
interact with the solute and in the following situations:
- To determine a boiling point
- To determine a melting point
- When working with colligative properties (boiling
point elevation, freezing point depression)
Therefore,
? equivalent of H2SO4 =
2.
3. To find the molarity of this solution, we first
convert grams of H2SO4 to moles and then find the
number of moles per liter.
Sample Problem 2
How many grams of Ca(OH)2 are there in 50 mL of a
3.0 N solution?
Solution:
1. Solve the normality formula for the number of the equivalent
of solid Ca(OH)2 dissolved in 50 ml of a 3.0 N solution, then
change the number of equivalents of Ca(OH)2 to grams.
Therefore,
= 5.6 g of Ca(OH)2
Practice Problem
If 49 g of H2SO4 is dissolved in water to make a
2.0 L solution, find its normality.
Solution:
Mole Fraction
• Another measure of concentration involves mole
fractions, X.
• The mole fraction is the number of moles of one
component divided by the total number of moles in
solution.
• The component can either be solute or solvent.
To find the mole fraction of the solute, we use
the following equation:
Xsolute + Xsolvent = 1
Sample Problem 1
A gas mixture contains 50.4 g of dinitrogen monoxide
(N2O) and 65.2 g of oxygen gas. What is the mole
fraction of dinitrogen monoxide?
Solution:
Solution:
Practice Problem
Find the mole fraction in a 20% sucrose
(C12H22O11)solution.
Solution:
What is needed when
dealing with expressing the
concentrations of solutions?
ACCURACY
PRECISION
Accuracy builds
credibility.
Jihm Rohn
What is the best
thing/effort that you
can do to achieve
your “true value”?