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4b) ppt-C4-prt 2
4b) ppt-C4-prt 2
n = sample size
N = population size
MEAN
It is generally described as the “center of gravity”
Properties:
1. A set of data has only one mean.
2. It can be applied for interval and ratio data.
3. All values in the data set are included in computing the mean.
4. It is very useful in comparing two or more data sets.
5. It is affected by extreme values, small or large, on a data set.
6. It is most appropriate in symmetrical data.
MEDIAN
It is the score-point which divides a ranked distribution into two equal
parts.
Properties:
1. It is unique, there is only one median for a set of data.
2. It is found by arranging the set of data from lowest to highest (or
highest to lowest) and getting the value of the middle observation.
3. It is not affected by the extreme small or large values.
4. It can be applied for ordinal, interval and ratio data.
5. It is most appropriate in a skewed data.
MODE
It is the score which occurs the most number of times.
Properties:
1. It is found by locating the most frequently occurring value.
2. It is the easiest average to compute.
3. There can be more than one mode or even no mode in any given data set:
unimodal – one
bimodal – two
multimodal – more than two
no mode – all values are of the same frequency.
4. It is not affected by the extreme values.
5. It can be applied for nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
of Ungrouped Data
Mean for ungrouped data is computed by simply adding all the values and
dividing the sum by the number of values:
(sample) (population)
Median: get the data array, or arrange the data set in ascending or
descending order.
Consider 2 rules:
1. If n is odd, median is the middle ranked.
2. If n is even, the median is the average of the two middle ranked values.
where n is the population/sample size.
Mode for ungrouped data is obtained by mere inspection.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
of Ungrouped Data
Example: The sample data of the number of cases of COVID-19 in 12
barangays:
5, 1, 3, 2, 2, 4, 2, 3, 5,7, 5, 2
Find the mean, median, and mode of this data.
Mean:
Median: arrange first data set in ascending order
1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5,7 ;n is even = 12
= th
=
Mode: = 2
Example
Find the population mean of the ages of 9 middle-
management employees of a certain company. The ages
are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58, and 55.
Solution:
x x
1 x 2 x 3 xn
N N
53 45 59 48 54 46 51 58 55 469
52.11
9 9
Solution:
Step 1: Arranged the data set in order.
n 1 9 1 10
Median (Rank Value ) 5
2 2 2
5th
Solution:
The ordered array for these data is
There is no mode.
Weight
Solution
Let w1 = 18 w2 = 12 w3 = 7 w4 = 3
x1 = 30,500 x2 = 33,700 x3 = 38,600 x4 = 45,000
Let w1 = 3w2 = 3 w3 = 3 w4 = 2 w5 = 1
x1 = 90 x2 = 87 x3 = 88 x4 = 95 x5 = 96
No. of Bedrooms 2 3 4 5 6
No. of Homes 13 21 10 4 2
Let w1 = 2w2 = 3 w3 = 4 w4 = 5 w5 = 6
x1 = 13 x2 = 21 x3 = 10 x4 = 4 x5 = 2
𝑥𝑤 = ¿ ¿
The weighted mean of bedrooms per home is 3.22.
If the median falls to the right of the center of the box, the
distribution is negatively skewed.
If the median falls to the left of the center of the box, the
distribution is positively skewed.
If the right line is larger than the left line, the distribution
is positively skewed.
Figure: Boxplot
Xlowest Xhighest
Q1 Q2 = Median Q3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Lowest Value = 45
Highest Value = 59
Febre, F.A. Jr. (2006). Introduction to Statistics. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Sirug, W. S. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/quantile-quantile-plots/