MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Statistic – is any measure calculated from sample data

Parameter – is a numerical value calculated from population data.
Notations:
Measures of Central Statistic Parameter
Tendency
Mean
𝑋
Median Mdn
Mode Mo

n = sample size
N = population size
 MEAN
It is generally described as the “center of gravity”
Properties:
1. A set of data has only one mean.
2. It can be applied for interval and ratio data.
3. All values in the data set are included in computing the mean.
4. It is very useful in comparing two or more data sets.
5. It is affected by extreme values, small or large, on a data set.
6. It is most appropriate in symmetrical data.
 MEDIAN
It is the score-point which divides a ranked distribution into two equal
parts.
Properties:
1. It is unique, there is only one median for a set of data.
2. It is found by arranging the set of data from lowest to highest (or
highest to lowest) and getting the value of the middle observation.
3. It is not affected by the extreme small or large values.
4. It can be applied for ordinal, interval and ratio data.
5. It is most appropriate in a skewed data.
 MODE
It is the score which occurs the most number of times.
Properties:
1. It is found by locating the most frequently occurring value.
2. It is the easiest average to compute.
3. There can be more than one mode or even no mode in any given data set:
unimodal – one
bimodal – two
multimodal – more than two
no mode – all values are of the same frequency.
4. It is not affected by the extreme values.
5. It can be applied for nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data.
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
of Ungrouped Data
Mean for ungrouped data is computed by simply adding all the values and
dividing the sum by the number of values:
(sample) (population)

Median: get the data array, or arrange the data set in ascending or
descending order.
Consider 2 rules:
1. If n is odd, median is the middle ranked.
2. If n is even, the median is the average of the two middle ranked values.
where n is the population/sample size.
Mode for ungrouped data is obtained by mere inspection.
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
of Ungrouped Data
Example: The sample data of the number of cases of COVID-19 in 12
barangays:
5, 1, 3, 2, 2, 4, 2, 3, 5,7, 5, 2
Find the mean, median, and mode of this data.
Mean:
Median: arrange first data set in ascending order
1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5,7 ;n is even = 12
= th
=
Mode: = 2
 Example
Find the population mean of the ages of 9 middle-
management employees of a certain company. The ages
are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58, and 55.

Solution:


 x x
 1  x 2  x 3    xn
N N

53  45  59  48  54  46  51  58  55 469
   52.11
9 9

Mean population age of middle-management employee is

52.11.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example
Find the median of the ages of 9
middle-management employees of a
certain company. The ages are 53,
45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58, and 55.

Solution:
Step 1: Arranged the data set in order.

45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Solution
Step 2: Select the middle rank.

n  1 9  1 10
Median (Rank Value )    5
2 2 2

Step 3: Identify the median in the data set.

45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59

5th

The median age is 53 years.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example

Find the mode of the ages of 9 middle-

management employees of a certain
company. The ages are 53, 45, 59, 48,
54, 46, 51, 58, and 55.

Solution:
The ordered array for these data is

45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59

There is no mode.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Weighted Mean
 It is useful when various classes or groups contribute
differently to the total.

 It is found by multiplying each value by its corresponding

weight and dividing by the sum of the weights.

where: x w  weighted mean.

wi = corresponding weight.
xi = the value of any particular observations or
measurement.
 Example
Frequency

At the Advertising Company in Makati City there are

18 staff members, 12 supervisors, 7 assistant
managers, and 3 managers. Their monthly salaries
are ₧30,500, ₧33,700, ₧38,600, and ₧45,000. What is
the weighted mean salary?

Weight
 Solution

Let w1 = 18 w2 = 12 w3 = 7 w4 = 3
x1 = 30,500 x2 = 33,700 x3 = 38,600 x4 = 45,000

30,500 ( 18 )+33,700 (12 )+38,600 ( 7 ) +45,000 ( 3 )

𝑥𝑤 =
18 +12+7 +3
1,358,600
  33,965
40
The weighted mean salary is ₧33,965.
 Example

Riana’s first quarter grade is shown

in the table below. Use the weighted
mean formula to find Riana’s GPA for
the first quarter.

Subjects English Mathematics Filipino Science P.E. Religion

Grade 90 87 88 93 95 96
Units 3 3 3 3 2 1

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Solution

Let w1 = 3w2 = 3 w3 = 3 w4 = 2 w5 = 1
x1 = 90 x2 = 87 x3 = 88 x4 = 95 x5 = 96

90 ( 3 ) +87 ( 3 )+88 ( 3 ) +95 ( 2 )+96(1) 1,088

𝑥𝑤 = = =90.67
3+3+3+2+1 12
The GPA for the first quarter is 90.67.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example
A certain subdivision in Laguna consists of 50 homes. The table
shows the frequency distribution of homes with respect to the
number of bedrooms it has. Find the mean number of
bedrooms for the 50 homes.

No. of Bedrooms 2 3 4 5 6
No. of Homes 13 21 10 4 2

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Solution

Let w1 = 2w2 = 3 w3 = 4 w4 = 5 w5 = 6
x1 = 13 x2 = 21 x3 = 10 x4 = 4 x5 = 2

𝑥𝑤 = ¿ ¿
The weighted mean of bedrooms per home is 3.22.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 QUANTILES
Quantiles are measures of position related to
median and are computed using the same
sequence of steps.

Quartiles – are the score-points which divide a

distribution into four equal parts.
Deciles – are the score-points which divide a
distribution into ten equal parts.
Percentiles – are the score-points which divide a
distribution into one hundred equal parts.
 QUANTILES
Two rules for Ungrouped data:

Where: = is the score-points

n = total frequency
q = quantile divisions
** this may involve interpolation.
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
Measures of Variation (or measures of dispersion) – is a measure that would
indicate how the scores are spread out along the scale of distribution.

Ex: A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24

B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40
In both cases: n = 9, = 20, and = 20
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
1.) Range – is the difference between the highest value (HV) and the lowest
value (LV).
R = HV - LV
Ex: A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
Range
Properties:
- merely measures how far from the highest value is the lowest
value and doesn’t tell anything about the scores in between.
- a very weak measure of variation.
- it is easily determined.
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
2.) Interquartile Range and Quartile Deviation
Interquartile Range (IR)- indicates the distance between the two values
which determine the middle 50% of all the observations within the
distribution.
=3rd quartile and is the 1st quartile
Quartile Deviation (QD)- one-half of the interquartile range.
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
Ex: A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
B: 3, 7, 10, 12, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
Interquartile Range
Properties:
- this measure is generally more desirable than the Range when the
distribution we want to describe is markedly truncated or skewed, or
when the median is the only measure of central tendency that is
available.
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
3.) Mean Deviation- a measure of deviation that takes into
consideration the deviations of the individual scores from the mean.
Ungrouped data:
sample mean deviation:
population mean deviation:
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
Mean Deviation
Ungrouped data: calculate the mean deviation of the following sample data:
A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Sol’n: X
15 20 5
17 3
18 2
19 1
20 0
22 2
22 2
23 3
24 4
180 =22
n=9
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
Average Deviation- the average of the absolute deviations of the individual scores
of a set of data from any measure of central tendency (mean, median, mode).
where Average can be a mean, median, or mode.
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
Average Deviation
Ungrouped data: calculate the median deviation of the following sample data:
A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Sol’n: X
15 20 5
17 3
18
a 2
19 1
20 0
22 2
22 2
23 3
24 4
n=9 =22
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
Mean Deviation
Properties:
- this measure is generally considered more accurate and reliable
than those determined by only two values like the range and the
quartile deviation.
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
4.) Variance – is a measure of variation that is computed from the
average of the squared deviations from the mean.
5.) Standard Deviation – is the measure obtained from extracting the
principal square root of the variance in order to get back to the original
unit.
Ungrouped data:
Sample Variance: Sample Std. dev.:
Population Variance: Pop. Std. dev. :
Note: n – 1 is used in order to remove the “bias” normally associated with whenever it is
used as an estimator of the population.
 Standard Deviation
 It is a statistical term that provides a good indication of
volatility. Measure of risk

 It measures how widely values are dispersed from the

average.

 It is calculated as the square root of variance.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 MEASURES OF VARIATION
Variance & Standard Deviation
Ungrouped data: calculate the variance and std. deviation of the following sample
data: A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Sol’n: X
15 20 -5 25
17 -3 9
18 -2 4
19 -1 1
20 = 0 0
22 2 4
=
22 2 4
23 3 9
24 4 16
180
n=9
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
Variance & Standard Deviation
Ungrouped data:
Raw Score Formula:
: sample
: population
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
Variance & Standard Deviation
Ungrouped data: calculate the variance and std. deviation of the following sample
data: A: 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24
Sol’n X
15 = 225
17
= 289
18 324
19 361
20 400
22 484
22 484
23 529
24 576
180 3672
n=9
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
Variance & Standard Deviation
Properties:
If the scores are grouped closely around the mean of the distribution, the
standard deviation of that distribution will be small; but if the scores are spread
out from the mean, the standard deviation will take on a large value. Conversely,
small std. dev., scores are concentrated near the mean; large std. dev., the scores
are dispersed widely about the mean.
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
z-score – a measure that gives us the amount by which a score deviates from the
mean in terms of standard deviation units in a normal distribution (or an almost
normal distribution).
Ex. Normal distribution: mean=50; s = 5; scores= 40, 62
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
z-score
where X= raw score

s = sample std. dev.

Or where X= raw score

= population std. dev.

 MEASURES OF VARIATION
z-score
On the first day of the final examination week, Poloy took the tests for three
subjects – Mathematics, Economics, and Philosophy. Although he felt that his
preparation was the same for these three tests, he believed he did a very good job
on the Philosophy test. The test results were released 5 days later and Poloy
gathered the following information:
Mathematics: The mean score was 60 with a standard deviation of 8; he got a raw score of 70.
Economics: The mean score was 72 with a standard deviation of 6; he got a raw score of 78.
Philosophy: The mean score was 85 with a standard deviation of 5; he got a raw score of 82.

On which test did Poloy perform best? Worst?

 MEASURES OF VARIATION
z-score
Mathematics: The mean score was 60 with a standard deviation of 8; he got a raw score of 70.
Economics: The mean score was 72 with a standard deviation of 6; he got a raw score of 78.
Philosophy: The mean score was 85 with a standard deviation of 5; he got a raw score of 82.
 MEASURES OF VARIATION
z-score
 Outliers
A data set should be checked for extremely high or
extremely low values. These values are called outliers.
Outliers can strongly affect the mean and standard deviation
of a variable. One method in determining the outliers is
when a data value in a data set is less Q1 – 1.5(IQR) or
greater than Q3 + 1.5(IQR)

Outliers can strongly affect the mean and standard deviation

of a variable.

One method in determining the outliers is when a data value in

a data set is less Q1 – 1.5(IQR) or greater than Q3 + 1.5(IQR).

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example
Check the data set of the ages of 9 middle-
management employees of a certain company
for outliers. The ages are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46,
51, 58, and 55.
Solution:
Remember that Q1 = 47, Q3 = 56.5, and IQR = 9.5

Q1 – 1.5(IQR) = 47 – 1.5(9.5) = 47 – 14.25 = 32.75

Q3 + 1.5(IQR) = 56.5 + 1.5(9.5) = 56.5 + 14.25 = 70.75

Since, there are no values outside this interval; hence, there

are no outliers in the data set.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Boxplot (Box-and-Whisker-Plot)
Introduced by John Tukey in 1970’s..

It gives the following information:

 If the median is near the center of the box, the

distribution is approximately symmetric.

 If the median falls to the right of the center of the box, the
distribution is negatively skewed.

 If the median falls to the left of the center of the box, the
distribution is positively skewed.

 If the lines are about the same length, the distribution is

approximately symmetric.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Boxplot (Box-and-Whisker-Plot)
 If the left line is larger than the right line, the distribution
is negatively skewed

 If the right line is larger than the left line, the distribution
is positively skewed.
Figure: Boxplot

Xlowest Xhighest

Q1 Q2 = Median Q3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Example
Construct a boxplot for the data set of
the ages of 9 middle-management
employees of a certain company. The
ages are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58,
and 55. What can we say about the
distribution of the data set
Solution:
Recall that Q1 = 47, Median = 53, and Q3 = 56.5

Lowest Value = 45

Highest Value = 59

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Solution
Figure: Employees Age

The data set of the distribution in negatively-skewed, since

the median falls to the right of the center of the box

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

References:

Febre, F.A. Jr. (2006). Introduction to Statistics. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Sirug, W. S. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. Mindshapers Co., Inc.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/quantile-quantile-plots/