PRINCIPAL CROPS AND GROWTH

RATE OF AGRICULTURE AND ITS

CHALLENGES

Prepared By:

Rimpy Rajkonwar Roll No:16

Sayestha M Rohman Roll
No:17
Sibangi Mazumdar Roll No:18
Irfaan H Ahmed Roll No:46
Joyraj Paul Roll No:47
Kaustav Gogoi Roll No:48

MBA Full Time 1st Semester

Centre for Management Studies 1
CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SIGNIFICANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
3. CROPPING SEASON AND SYSTEMS
4. INSTABILITY OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
5. CHALLENGES
6. CONCLUSION

2
 INTRODUCTION
• The word agriculture is derived from two Latin words agri (implying field) and culture (implying cultivation)
• Webster Dictionary states, Agriculture is the art of science of production of crops and livestock on a farm.
• In economics, we use the term agriculture as relating to every aspect of cultivation

Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture wasthe key
development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species
created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. The history of agriculture began thousands of
years ago. After gathering wild grains beginning at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers began to
plant them around 11,500 years ago. Pigs, sheep, and cattle were domesticated over 10,000 years ago.
Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. Industrial agriculture based on
largescale monoculture in the twentieth century came to dominate agricultural output. Though about 2
billion people still depended on subsistence agriculture.

3
Significance of agriculture in the national economy

1. Share of Agriculture in the National Income

2. Indian Agriculture and Pattern of Employment in the Country
3. Importance of Agriculture for Industrial Development
4. Role of Agriculture in the Field of International Trade
5. Role of Agricultural Sector in Economic Planning

4
Crop Season
1. Kharif
2. Rabi and
3. Zaid
Cropping System in India
i. Rainy Season Cropping System
ii. Winter Cropping System
iii. Plantation and other commercial crop
iv. Mixed cropping system

Types of Cropping System

a. Mono Cropping
b. Multi Cropping
c. Inter Cropping
5
Instability in Indian Agriculture
1. Agriculture growth and instability have remained subject of intense debate in the agricultural
economies literature in the India. While the need for increasing agricultural production or growth
is obvious , the increase in instability in agricultural production is considered adverse for several
reasons.

2. It raises the risk involved in farm production and affects farmers income and decisions to adopt
high paying technologies and make investment in farming .

3. Instability in production affects price stability and the consumers, and it increases vulnerability
of low income households to market .

4. Adoption of green revolution technology which is considered a watershed event in the post
Independence agricultural era in India has attracted special interest of researches in terms of its
impact on growth and instability of farm output .

5. One of the study (Larson.et.al 2004) conclude that green revolution has been instrumental in
increasing production of foodgrains and other crops in India but this has come at a cost of greater
instability in production and yield.

6
6. The issue of instability attracted lot of attention of Researches in the early phase of adoption of
green revolution technology and most of them concluded that adoption of new technology had
increased instability in food grain and agricultural production in India.

7. Instability in area under food grains was quite low during the pre green revolution as growth
rates show standard deviation of 2.51 percent. The instability in area increased to 3.39 in the first
phase of green revolution and slightly declined after 1988.  

8. Instability in yield of food grains was more than three times the instability in area during the pre
green revolution .

9. Adoption of new technology marked decline in instability in yield from 9.05 to 8.05 between pre
green revolution and first phase of green revolution. When improved technology spread to larger
areas the variability in productivity declined further.

10.The decline is found more pronounced when extreme year 2002-03 is excluded from the data
set. Variability in food grain production after 1989 was 14 percent lower compared to the first
phase of green revolution .When extreme years are removed the decline in variability during 1989-
2007 turned out to be 46 percent lower than pre green revolution period and 33 percent lower
compared to the first phase of green revolution.

7
CHALLENGES
• Everyday the food we eat connect to a vast global web of farmers, traders, food manufactures, retailers and many other people
involved in getting food from farm to fork.
• Many issues related to the crops are present like sustainability, nutrition, adoption of new technologies and perhaps most
importantly, income levels of the population dependent on farming which require long-term reorientation of food, agriculture, and
farm policies.
• Some of major challenges are mention below-:
 Climate change
 Lack of mechanization
 Inadequate storage facilities
 Fragmented landholdings
 Inadequate transport
• Thus , we should focus on improving our agricultural sector for a better growth of the business environment.

8
 CONCLUSION
One of the major goals of every developing country is to reach a high income status . Agriculture plays a important role in
transforming economy to reach the goal , along with achieving other development goals like ensuring food security and improving
nutrition. Therefore in order to end hunger and undernutrition while accelerating economic growth , agriculture transformation
must become a reality .

Nearly every county started off poor , and only a handful could overcome it. However, the ones that achieved it started with
agriculture and went through an economic transformation that accelerated growth and reduced hunger and undernutrition.

Here comes a question that what actually is an economic transformation.

So, its also called structural transformation, means a country’s shift in the relative contribution of its technology and sectors to its
overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

It involves moving labour from low to higher productive activities .

It is necessary to enhance the quality of economic growth , create jobs and reduce poverty in a long-term , sustainable and
inclusive way.

9
There are two key areas to make agriculture transformation a reality.
(1) Modern agricultural technologies should be made available . It can come from private and public sectors , natural
government need to play a big role investing in agricultural research and development (RGD)
(2) The next key area is adoption of modern technologies as farmers may not use such technologies even if they are
available. Therefore , government must prepare conditions including irrigation and improved market infrastructure
for farmers to access these inputs and sell their agricultural produce .
Thus ,
Economic development is a process of structural transformation and agriculture is the essential engine to jumpstart
the process .
Ending hunger and under nutrition are also important goals of agricultural modernization and for economic
transformation .
While only a few countries have yet successfully achieved high-income status , the potential is thus for all of the and
it starts with modernizing agriculture .

10
THANK YOU

11