Chemical Bonding

Science Quarter 2 – Week 2

January 2023
 MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING
COMPETENCY
Recognize different types of
compounds (ionic and covalent) based
on their properties such as melting
point, hardness, polarity, and
electrical and thermal conductivity.
 1. What is Chemical Bond?

2. What are the types of Chemical

Bond?

3. How are Ionic and Covalent

Compounds different?
 Chemical bond
1 What is Chemical Bond?
 CHEMICAL BOND
It is a force that holds groups of two or more
atoms together and makes them function as a unit.

WATER
MOLECULE
 CHEMICAL BOND
It is the physical phenomenon of chemical
substance being held together by the attraction
of atoms to each other through sharing, as well
as exchanging of electrons or electrostatic force.
 CHEMICAL BOND
Atoms strive to have a full outer Bohr Atomic Model
shell (allowed orbit), which
gives a stable structure. They
may share, give away or receive
extra electrons to achieve
stability. The way atoms will
form bonds with others, and the
ease with which they will do it,
is determined by the
configuration of electrons.
 What causes this forces?
Bonds are formed when
constituent atoms come Example
close enough together
such that the outer
electrons of one atom
are attracted to the
positive nuclear charge
of its neighboring atom. Sodium Fluoride
 Why form chemical bonds?
Atoms interact with one
another to form aggregates
such as molecules, compounds,
and crystals because doing so
lowers the total energy of the
system; that is, the aggregates
are more stable than the
isolated atoms.
 Why form chemical bonds?
Many atoms become stable
when their outermost shell
is filled with electrons or
when they satisfy the octet
rule (by having eight
electrons in their
outermost shell).
 Why form chemical bonds?
Molecular bonding and
structure play the
central role in
determining the course
of chemical reactions,
many of which are vital
to our survival.
 Both graphite and diamond are composed solely of carbon
atoms. However, graphite is a soft, slippery material used in
pencils, and diamond is one of the hardest materials known,
valuable both as a gemstone and in industrial cutting tools.
 Types of
Chemical bond
2 What are the different types
of chemical bond and how
are each type formed?
 The type of bonding is
determined by how the
outermost electrons of an atom,
the so-called valence electrons
interact with neighboring atoms.
 The type of bonding is
determined by how the
outermost electrons of an atom,
the so-called valence electrons
interact with neighboring atoms.
 The position of an
element in the periodic
table determines the
type of bonds it make.
The position of an element in the periodic table
determines the type of bonds it make.

Nonmetals

Metalloids
Metals
1
Groups/Family 8
2 3 4 5 6 7
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING
IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND
-results from the transfer of -results from the sharing of
electrons from one element to electrons between two atoms.
another.

-formed when two nonmetals

-form between a metal and a combine; also formed when a
nonmetal. metalloid bond to a nonmetal.
 Ionic bond
An ionic bond is a chemical bond
formed through the transfer of one
or more electrons from one atom
or group of atoms to another atom
or group of atoms.
 IONIC BOND Metal Nonmetal Ionic Compound

When sodium and

chlorine reacts to
form sodium chloride,
electrons are
transferred from the
sodium atoms to the
chlorine atoms to
form Na- and Cl –
ions, which then
aggregate to form
solid sodium chloride.
 IONIC BOND Metal Nonmetal Ionic Compound

When sodium and

chlorine reacts to
form sodium chloride,
electrons are 1
transferred from the 7
sodium atoms to the 11 17

chlorine atoms to Na Metals Cl

form Na- and Cl – Sodium Chlorine

ions, which then Nonmetals

aggregate to form
solid sodium chloride.
 IONIC BOND TABLE SALT
Metal Nonmetal Ionic Compound
When sodium and
chlorine reacts to
form sodium chloride,
electrons are
transferred from the
sodium atoms to the
chlorine atoms to Electron
form Na- and Cl – Configuration 7
ions, which then 1s22s22p63s23p5
aggregate to form
solid sodium chloride. Electron Configuration
1s22s22p63s1 1
 IONIC BOND Metal Nonmetal Ionic Compound

When sodium and

chlorine reacts to
form sodium chloride,
electrons are
transferred from the
sodium atoms to the
chlorine atoms to
form Na- and Cl –
ions, which then
aggregate to form
solid sodium chloride.
 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
He had offered many of the basic
explanations for the structural
bonding between elements,
including the sharing of a pair of
electrons between atoms and the
tendency of elements to combine
with others to fill their electron
shells according to rigidly defined
Gilbert Lewis orbits.
(1875-1946)
 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
or “ELECTRON DOT”

Gilbert Lewis
(1875-1946)
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
SCALE
An American Chemist, was the
first to enunciate an
understanding of a physical
interpretation of the bonds
between molecules from a
chemical perspective, and of the
Linus Carl
Pauling nature of crystals.
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY SCALE
Electronegativity – is a measure of the
attraction of a bonded atom for the pair
of electrons in a covalent bond.

Linus Carl
Pauling
 LEWIS Sodium
DIAGRAM Chloride
 Metal Nonmetal Ionic Compound

LEWIS
DIAGRAM
2 6
Magnesium 8

Oxide
12

Mg Metals O
Magnesium Oxygen

Nonmetals
LEWIS DIAGRAM
Metal Nonmetal Ionic Compound
Calcium Chloride

2 7
17

Cl
20
Chloride
Ca Metals
Calcium
Nonmetals
 SOME COMMON IONIC COMPOUNDS AND
THEIR USES
NAME & CHEMICAL FORMULA USES
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Food preparation; manufacture of chlorine and
sodium hydroxide
Cobalt Chloride (CoCl2) Known as silica gel which absorbs water
Potassium Iodide (KI) Iodine supplement in iodized salt
Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) Antiseptic and Germicide
Sodium Nitrate (NaNO2) Meat preservation additive
Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) Used in deodorants
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) Used in gunpowder, matches, and fireworks
 covalent bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond
formed through the sharing of one
or more pairs of electrons between
two atoms.
 Hydrogen Molecule
COVALENT BOND
Nonmetal Nonmetal Covalent Compound
When hydrogen atoms
are close together, the
two electrons are
simultaneously
attracted to both 1
nuclei. The electron
probability increases 1

between the two nuclei H Nonmetals

Hydrogen
indicating that the
electrons are shared by
the two nuclei.
 Hydrogen Molecule
LEWIS Nonmetal Nonmetal Covalent Compound
DIAGRAM

Hydrogen
1
Molecule
1

H Nonmetals
Hydrogen
 Nonmetal Nonmetal Covalent Compound
LEWIS
DIAGRAM

Chlorine
Molecule 7
17

Cl
Chlorine

Nonmetals
 Nonmetal Nonmetal Covalent Compound
LEWIS
DIAGRAM

Hydrogen
Chloride 1
7
1

H Nonmetals 17

Hydrogen Cl
Chlorine

Nonmetals
 TWO TYPES OF COVALENT BOND

POLAR COVALENT BOND

- The electrons are unequally shared by the atoms and
spend more time close to one atom than the other.

NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND

- It forms between two atoms of the same element, or between atoms
of different elements that share electrons more or less equally.
POLAR COVALENT BOND
- The electrons are unequally shared by the atoms and
spend more time close to one atom than the other.
 Nonmetal Nonmetal Covalent Compound
LEWIS
DIAGRAM

Hydrogen
Chloride 1
7
1

H Nonmetals 17

Hydrogen Cl
Chlorine

Nonmetals
NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND
- It forms between two atoms of the same element, or between atoms
of different elements that share electrons more or less equally.
 LEWIS Nonmetal Nonmetal Covalent Compound
DIAGRAM

Hydrogen
1
Molecule
1

H Nonmetals
Hydrogen
COMMON COVALENT COMPOUNDS

Water Molecule Oxygen Molecule Different types of

Alcohol
 Covalent vs.
3 ionic compounds
How are Covalent compounds
different from Ionic compounds?
 IONIC VS COVALENT COMPOUND
Conductivity
- is a measure of the ease at which an electric
charge or heat pass through a material.

Ionic Compound Covalent Compound

Low conductivity Very low conductivity
 IONIC VS COVALENT
COMPOUND
Hardness
- is a resistance of a material to deformation of
an indenter of specific size and shape under
known load.
Ionic Compound Covalent Compound
Hard because of its Not very hard, though
crystalline structure exceptions are silicon, diamond,
and carbon.
 IONIC VS COVALENT
COMPOUND
Melting Point
- is the temperature at which a material changes from a
solid to a liquid.
Boiling Point
- is the temperature at which a material changes from a
liquid to gas.

Ionic Compound Covalent Compound

High Low
 IONIC BONDING MELTING AND
BOILING POINTS
IONIC COMPOUND MELTING POINT () BOILING POINT ()
Calcium Oxide, CaO 2580 2850
Magnesium Chloride, 714 1412
MgCl2
Sodium Fluoride, NaF 993 1695
Aluminum Oxide, Al2O3 2030 2970
Sodium Chloride, NaCl 801 1420
 COVALENT BONDING MELTING AND
BOILING POINTS
COVALENT COMPOUND MELTING POINT () BOILING POINT ()
Ethanol, C2H5OH -117 78
Tetrachloromethane, CCl4 -23 76.8
Ammonia, NH3 -78 -33
Methane, CH4 -182 -164
 IONIC VS COVALENT COMPOUND
Volatility
- is the tendency of a substance to evaporate
at a normal temperature.

Ionic Compound Covalent Compound

Low High
 IONIC VS COVALENT
COMPOUND
Solubility
- is the ability for a given substance, the
solute to dissolve in a solvent.

Ionic Compound Covalent Compound

Usually soluble in water but Usually insoluble in water but
insoluble in organic solvents soluble in organic solvents such as
such as alcohol, benzene, alcohol, benzene, propane etc.
propane etc.
PROPERTIES OF COVALENT PROPERTIES OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS
Gases, liquids, or solids (made of Crystalline solids (made of ions)
molecules)
Atoms share electrons to become stable. Metal atoms give electrons while nonmetal
atoms get electrons to become stable.

Usually occurs between non- Usually occurs between metals

metals. and non-metals.
Low melting and boiling points, poor High melting and boiling points conduct
electrical conductors in all phases electricity when melted

Many soluble in non-polar liquids but Many soluble in water but not in non-
not in water polar liquid
Formation of Ions
Science Quarter 2 – Week 3
January, 2023
MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING
COMPETENCY
Explain how ions
are formed.
 5. How do we
1. What is 3. What are the
write chemical
an ion? types of ion?
formula with
ions?

2. How are ions 4. How are

are formed? ions named?
1 ions
What is an Ion?
 What is an ion?
An ION is any
atom or
molecule with a
net charge,
either positive
or negative.
 Formation of
2 Ions
How are ions formed?
How are
Ions are
formed when a
neutral atom
ions lose or gain
one or more

formed
Sodium Chloride LOSE
electrons.
GAIN

+ -
 types of Ions
3 What are the types of
Ions?
 CATION
A positively charged ion;
IonsIONS
are formed produced when one or
are
more electrons are lost
when
formeda neutral
when a from a neutral atom.
atom loseatom
neutral or
gain
lose orone
gainorone ANION
moreorelectrons.
more A negatively charged ion;
electrons. produced when a neutral
atom gains one or more
extra electrons.
 CATION
A positively charged ion; produced when one or more
electrons are lost from a neutral atom.
 ANION
A negatively charged ion;
produced when a neutral atom gains one or more extra
electrons.
ANION CATION
 How does the
How does the
Periodic Table of
Periodic Table of
Elements help us
Elements help us
what type of ion is
what type of ion is
formed by a given
formed by a given
atom?
atom?
 OXIDATION
NUMBER
- It is the total number
of electrons that an
atom either gains or
loses in order to form
a chemical bond with
another atom.
+1
+2 +3 -3

-2

-1
 naming of
4 Ions
How do we name ions?
CATION
A cation is named
simply by adding
the term “ion”
after the name of
the parent atom.
 CATION
A cation is named simply by adding the term
“ion” after the name of the parent atom.

NEUTRAL ATOM CATION

Na (Sodium) Sodium ion/cation
Ca (Calcium) Calcium ion/cation
Al (Aluminum) Aluminum ion/cation
Li (Lithium) Lithium ion/cation
P (Phosphorus) Phosphorus ion/cation
ANION
Anions are named by
taking the root
name of the atom
and changing the
ending with -ide.
ANION
Anions are named by taking the root name of
the atom and changing the ending with -ide.
NEUTRAL ATOM ANION
F (Fluorine) Fluoride ion
Br (Bromine) Bromide ion
O (Oxygen) Oxide ion
S (Sulfur) Sulfide ion
I (Iodine) Iodide ion
P (Phosphorus) Phosphide ion
 WRITING CHEMICAL
5 FORMULA OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS
How do we write the chemical
formula of ionic compounds?
 How do we write the chemical
formula of ionic compounds?
The crisscross method is a method of
finding out the chemical formula of a
metal and non-metal that combine to form
an ionic bond.

To use this method, the absolute value of the

oxidation number of the first ion is used as the
subscript of the second, and vice versa. The
subscripts are then reduced by the greatest
common factor.
How do we write the chemical
formula of ionic compounds?
Example

1. Sodium Chloride = NaCl

2. Magnesium Chloride = MgCl2

3. Barium Sulfide = BaS

How do we write the chemical
formula of ionic compounds?
Write the chemical formula of the ff ionic compounds:

1. Calcium Oxide = CaO

2. Magnesium Nitride = Mg3N2

3. Potassium Chloride
= KCl
+1
+3 -3
+2

-2

-1
 IMPORTANCE OF IONS IN OUR BODY
(Ions found outside the cell)
IONS USE SOURCES
Na + Regulates and controls body fluids Salt,
seafood
Ca +2 Important in blood clotting Milk,
mechanism, major cation in the cheese,
bone, heartbeat control, muscle butter,
smoother meats,
vegetables
Mg +2 Needed the body enzymes; involved Green
in the action of nerves and plants, nuts
muscles
Cl - Necessary in gastric juice Salt,
seafood
 IMPORTANCE OF IONS IN OUR BODY
(Ions found outside the cell)
IONS USE SOURCES
Ge +4 Improves the immune system,
oxygen supply in the body, and
Potato, garlic, carrot
destroying free radicals.
I -2 Used to treat and prevent
iodine deficiency and as an
Fish, seaweed,
shrimp,iodized salt,
antiseptic dairy products
P - Formation of bones and teeth Meats, seafood, fish,
nuts
O -2 Gives energy for our cells to Spinach, bell peppers,
work and not only the cells but potatoes, carrots,
also the cell organelles green beans
 IMPORTANCE OF IONS IN OUR BODY
(Ions found inside the cell)
IONS USE SOURCES
HPO4 -2 Found in the body fluids Fish, meats,
and bones cereals, dairy
products
K + Regulates and controls Bananas, orange
body fluids juice, skim milk
O -2 Gives energy for our Spinach, bell
cells to work and not peppers, potatoes,
only the cells but also carrots, green
the cell organelles beans
IONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Do you know that the upper atmosphere contains a
high concentration of positive ions, while the
ground contains negative charges?
The usual ratio is 5 positive ions
is to 4 negative ions. It is the
ratio that life evolves.
Scientific studies showed that if
the natural ratio is upset, it
would be damaging to human
physical and mental well-being. An
overdose of positive ions is bad,
while an overload of negative ions
seems to be beneficial.
IONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Why do you normally feel bad before a storm and
on humid days?
Your grandparents may even say
“it’s going to rain; I can feel
it.” Positive ions are produced
between air masses and between
layers of the wind. On humid and
dusty days, there is an overdose
of positive ions because negative
ions attach themselves to
particles of dust and moisture,
thus losing their charge.
IONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Freshness after the storm?
What do you feel after the storm?
You feel vigorous and refreshed.
The air is fresh and clean. Why
does the feeling of freshness
pervade the air after the storm?
This is because, after the storm,
there is an overdose of negative
ions that ease tension and
pressure. This makes us feel that
we are full of energy.
 IONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
In the mountains and on the hills, you feel rested. Why?
It is because there is less
dust in the air to consume
the negative ions. By the
seashore and near a
waterfall, you feel good.
The energy of moving water
gives a lot of negative
ions. Niagara Falls are
considered the most amazing
negative ion generator in
the world.
These are only some of the documented evidence in the
research made by America’s Dr. Kruegar and Israel’s
Dr. Sulman on the ion effect
( Soyka, 1977).
The research on the effects of ions has not stopped. It
will probably take a long time before the last word can
be written on the subject. Meanwhile, it will not be
wrong if you consider the role played by ionization as a
physical factor that affects the environment, especially
pollution, health, and the behavior of humans.
organic
 Carbon and
Organic
Compounds
Science Quarter 2 – Week 4 & 5

January, 2023
MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING
COMPETENCIES
Explain how the structure of the carbon atom affects the
type of bonds it forms.

Recognize the general classes and uses of organic

compounds
organic
WHAT ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS?
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
are molecules that
contain carbon atoms
covalently bonded to
hydrogen atoms
and other elements
commonly are: oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur,
phosphorus, and the
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
It is the branch of chemistry
that studies the structure,
properties, composition,
reactions and preparations of
carbon-containing compound.
THE CARBON ATOM
THE CARBON
ATOM
THE CARBON ATOM
 Represent by capital
“C”
 A nonmetal
 Has an atomic number of
6, therefore has 6
protons and electrons
 Found in group IV
 Has 4 valence electrons
 THE CARBON ATOM

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
OF CARBON ATOM
THE CARBON ATOM
 The name “carbon” comes
from the Latin word
“carbo” which means “coal
or charcoal”.
 It is the 4th most abundant
element in the universe.
 It is the 15th most
abundant element in the
Earth’s crust.
THE CARBON ATOM
 Each carbon molecule
has four unpaired
electrons in its outer
energy shell.
 Therefore, carbon atoms
can form covalent bonds
with up to four other
atoms, including other
carbon atoms.
 THE CARBON ATOM
 Carbon-based molecules have three fundamental
structures – straight chains, branched chains, and
rings
Straight – Branched – Cyclic alkane
chain alkane chain alkane
 THE CARBON ATOM
LENGTH

BRANCHING

DOUBLE
BOND
POSITION PRESENCE
OF RINGS
COMMON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Alkanes or a saturated hydrocarbon – a large and
structurally simple class of hydrocarbons includes
those substances in which all the carbon-carbon bonds
are single bonds.
COMMON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Alkanes/Saturated hydrocarbon
Also called PARAFFIN. The simplest
alkanes are methane (CH4), ethane
(C2H6), and propane (C3H8). The alkanes
are important raw materials of the
chemical industry and the principal
constituent of gasoline and
lubricating oils.
COMMON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Alkanes/Saturated
hydrocarbon
Natural gas mainly contains
methane and ethane and is used for
heating and cooking purposes. This
gives them a general formula:
COMMON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Alkenes or unsaturated hydrocarbon – there is a double
bond between two carbon atoms. Alkenes have the general
formula CnH2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the
molecule. There is no alkene with only one carbon atom.
 COMMON ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Alkynes – contain only one triple bond between two adjacent
carbon atoms.They have the general formula CnH2n-2, where n
is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
 COMMON ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Alcohols are the organic
compounds in which a hydrogen
atom or an aliphatic carbon is
replaced with the hydroxyl
group (R–O–H). Some alcohols
are antiseptic or disinfectant,
cleaning agents, components of
liquors, and a few are used as
fuel for portable stoves or
other types of burners.
 COMMON ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Carbonyl Compounds are a
functional group consisting of a
carbon atom with a double bond to
an oxygen atom C=O.
Acetone is used as a cleaning
agent like a nail polish remover,
and formaldehyde is used in
preserving organic materials like
an animal specimens.
THE CARBON ATOM
Carbon is a highly
stable element that can
combine with almost any
other element to form a
few useful compounds.
Its major source is the
deposits of coal that
are buried deep inside
the earth.
 ALLOTROPY
Existence of a chemical element in two or
more forms, which may differ in the
arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids or
in the occurrence of molecules that contain
different numbers of atoms.
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON ATOM
 ALLOTROPE:
DIAMOND
It is the most well-known
carbon allotrope. Diamond
exhibits the highest hardness
and thermal conductivity of
any bulk material. The surface
of diamond is lipophilic and
hydrophobic. Diamonds do not
generally react with any
chemical reagents, including
strong acids and bases
 ALLOTROPE:
GRAPHITE
It is an electrical
conductor and a semimetal.
Graphite is the most stable
form of carbon under
standard conditions and is
used in thermochemistry as
the standard state for
defining the heat of
formation of carbon
 ALLOTROPE:
FULLERENES
It is also called buckyballs are
molecules of varying sizes
composed entirely of carbon that
take on the form of hollow
spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes.
Buckyballs and buckytubes have
been the subject of intense
research, both because of their
unique chemistry and for their
technological applications,
especially in materials science,
electronics, and nanotechnology.
 ALLOTROPE:
CARBON NANOTUBES
A cylindrical carbon
molecule that
exhibits
extraordinary
strength and unique
electrical properties
and is an efficient
conductor of heat.
 ALLOTROPE:
GRAPHENE
It is a single layer of
graphite and has
extraordinary electrical,
thermal, and physical
properties. It can be
produced by epitaxy on an
insulating or conducting
substrate or by mechanical
exfoliation (repeated
peeling) from graphite.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON
1. Color – the quality of a material or
substance with respect to light
reflected by the object.
2. Hardness – the ability of a material
to resist deformation.
3. Conductivity – the ability of a
material to conduct heat,
electricity, or sound.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON
4. Brittleness – the property of a
material that fractures when subjected
to stress but has a little tendency to
deform before rupture.
5. Phase – one of the forms in which
matter can exist, such as solid,
liquid, or gas.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON
LIGHT

Diamond is highly Graphite is

transparent. opaque and
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON
HARDNESS

Diamond is hard. Graphite is

soft.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON
CONDUCTIVITY

Diamond has low Graphite and Carbon nanotubes

electric graphene are very have unique
conductivity, but good conductors of electrical
with high heat heat and properties and are
conductivity electricity. efficient conductors
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON
CONDUCTIVITY

Fullerene has high heat Glassy or vitreous carbon has

and electric low electrical resistance and
conductivity. low thermal resistance.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON
BRITTLENESS

Diamond and graphite are very brittle and cannot be

rolled into wires or pounded into sheets.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON
PHASE

All allotropes of carbon are solid under

the normal condition: Diamond, Graphite,
Graphene, Nanotubes, Fullerene
WHY IS CARBON ATOM UNIQUE?

1. It has 4
valence
electrons that
enable it to
form 4 covalent
bonds.
WHY IS CARBON ATOM UNIQUE?

2. It can bond
with other
carbon atoms and
other non-metal
atoms in many
ways.
WHY IS CARBON ATOM UNIQUE?

3. It can form
single, double,
and triple
bonds.
WHY IS CARBON ATOM UNIQUE?

4. It can form
long carbon-
carbon chains;
one atom in the
chain can result
to another
molecule.
WHY IS CARBON ATOM UNIQUE?

5. It does not only

bind to each other
in a straight chain
but can result also
to rings and other
geometrical
arrangements.
 PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
The physical properties of organic
compounds both include quantitative and
qualitative features.

1. Quantitative Properties of Organic

Compounds (Melting Point, Boiling Point, and
Index of Refraction)
2. Qualitative Properties of Organic
Compounds (Odor, Viscosity, Volatility,
Flammability)
 PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Quantitative Properties of Organic Compounds
 PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Quanlitative Properties of Organic Compounds
CARBON FOUR MAIN REACTIONS
1. COMBUSTION
REACTION –
happens when
carbon burns in
air, it gives
carbon dioxide,
heat, and light. BURNING OF WOODS
CARBON FOUR MAIN REACTIONS
2. OXIDATION
REACTION –
Carbon and its
compounds are
oxidized in the
presence of RUSTING OF IRON
oxygen OR METAL
CARBON FOUR MAIN REACTIONS
3. ADDITION
REACTION –
Carbon has the
ability to make
long strings or
chains of Hydration: Ethene + Water

atoms. = Ethanol
(ethyl alcohol or drinking
alcohol)
CARBON FOUR MAIN REACTIONS
4. SUBSTITUTION
REACTION – is a
reaction in which
a functional
group in a
compound is
replaced by When Chlorine atoms in Methyl
Chloride are displaced by the
another hydroxide ion, forming Methanol
(methyl alcohol or non_x0002_drinking
alcohol).
 Uses of Carbon Atom
Carbon (in the form of coal,
which is mainly carbon) is used
as fuel.
Graphite is used for pencil
tips, high - temperature
crucibles, dry cells,
electrodes, and a lubricant.
 Uses of Carbon Atom
Diamonds are used in jewelry,
and because they are so hard,
they used them for cutting,
drilling, grinding, and
polishing
Carbon black is used as the
black pigment in printing ink
 Uses of Carbon Atom

Carbon can form alloys with

iron, of which the most common
is carbon steel.
The 14C radioactive isotope is
used in archaeological dating
 Uses of Carbon Atom
Carbon, in the form of carbon
dioxide, is used in the
manufacture of many fizzy and
carbonated drinks. It is also used
in fire extinguishers
Dry ice, which is the solid form
of carbon dioxide, is used as a
cooling agent.
 Uses of Carbon Atom
 Freon is used in cooling systems
and devices like refrigerators and
air conditioners.
Vegetal carbon, which is an
amorphous form of carbon, is
utilized as a bleaching agent
and a gas absorbent.
Uses of Carbon Atom

Carbon is used in the rim of

automobiles as a black fume
pigment.
Role of Carbon in the Body
“Carbon is approximately 18% of a
human’s body weight. Carbon is not
found in the pure form in the
body, but rather in compounds
inside the body. The air that we
inhale is about 20 % oxygen while
the air that we exhale is a lot
less oxygen and more carbon
Role of Carbon in the Body
Carbon is the basic building block
required to form proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats and it plays
a crucial role in regulating the
physiology of the body. Sugars in the
body like glucose hold carbon
elements, and carbon is also ingested
into the body by consuming
carbohydrates”
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
There are four main types or classes of organic
compounds found in all living things:
1. CARBOHYDRATES
- Carbohydrates are
organic compounds made
of the elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
- The ratio of hydrogen
atoms to oxygen atoms
in carbohydrate
molecules is 2:1.
1. CARBOHYDRATES
- Carbohydrates are the
largest class of
organic compounds
found in organisms.
- Organisms use
carbohydrates as energy
sources, structural
units, and for other
purposes.
1. CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are classified according to how
many subunits they contain.
1. CARBOHYDRATES
Simple carbohydrates are called sugars.

Monosaccharide
(one unit)
Disaccharide
(two units)
Polysaccharide
(long chain)
1. CARBOHYDRATES
The functions of
carbohydrates are:
 acts as main
source of energy
 plants and
animals use it for
structural
purposes.
 2. LIPIDS
- Lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms.
 2. LIPIDS
- Lipids have higher hydrogen to oxygen
ratio than is found in carbohydrates.
 2. LIPIDS
- The 3 major groups of lipids are triglycerides
(fats, oils, waxes), steroids, and
phospholipids.
 2. LIPIDS
- In most human
health
situations, the
composition of
unsaturated fats
is preferred to
the consumption
of saturated
fats.
 2. LIPIDS
- Saturated fats
are solid at room
temperature and
bad for you,
while unsaturated
fats are liquid
at room
temperature and
are better for
 2. LIPIDS
The functions of
lipids are:
 store energy
for long term.
 Waterproof
covering.
 3. PROTEINS
Proteins consist
of hydrogen,
oxygen, carbon,
and nitrogen
atoms.
 3. PROTEINS
Some proteins
contain other
atoms, such as
sulfur,
phosphorus,
iron, copper, or
magnesium.
 3. PROTEINS
Proteins
consist of
chains of
amino acids
called
peptides.
 3. PROTEINS
The functions of
proteins are:
Cellular
structures
Controls
substances in and
out of cell.
Fight diseases
 4. NUCLEIC ACID
Nucleic acids are the
molecules in our
cells that direct and
store information for
reproduction and
cellular growth.
4. NUCLEIC ACID
There are two types
of nucleic acids:
1. Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA)
2. Deoxyribonucleic
Acid (DNA)
4. NUCLEIC ACID
Both nucleic acids
are unbranched
organic polymers
composed of monomer
units called
nucleotides.
 4. NUCLEIC ACID
These nucleotides are
composed of a sugar
molecule, a nitrogen
base, and phosphoric
acid.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BIOMOLECULES
1. Carbohydrates – provides an energy
source for animals; includes sugar and
starch, among others.
2. Lipids – insoluble compounds in
water; includes fats, oils and waxes
(used for long term energy storage).
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BIOMOLECULES
3. Proteins – composed of amino acids
and includes enzymes (speed up chemical
reactions), antibodies, hormones and
muscle fibers
4. Nucleic Acid – compound that can
carry genetic information.
 Mole
Concept
Science Quarter 2 – Week 6

January, 2023
MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING
COMPETENCY
Use the mole concept to
express mass of substance.
What is Mole?
What is Mole?
 Mole
Concept
MOLES

MOLAR MASS
 What is a
mole?
Mole is a counting unit
which is equivalent to
6.022 x 1023 particles
or the Avogadro’s
number.

It is used to count
particles (atoms,
molecules, or ions) Amedeo Avogadro
What is a mole?

It was based on
the number of
atoms in exactly
12 grams of
Carbon - 12
 What is a molar
mass?

Molar mass is the

mass (in grams)
per 1 mole of a
substance
What is Molar Mass?
For Elements: the molar mass
is the mass number for the
element that we find on the
periodice table.
Find the atomic mass of the
following elements:
1.Hydrogen
2.Iron
3.Magnesium
4.Gold
5.Copper
1.01 g/mol 55.85 24.31
g/mol g/mol

196.97
63.55 g/mol
g/mol
 What is molar mass?
For molecules: The molar mass is the sum of the
atomic masses of the atoms present in that
molecule.

Examples:
Water molecule H2O (H = 1.01g/mol, O = 16 g/mol)
H= 2 x 1.01 g/mol = 2.02 g/mol
O= 1 x 16 g/mol = 16 g/mol
= 18.02 g/mol
 What is molar mass?
For molecules: The molar mass is the sum of the atomic
masses of the atoms present in that molecule.

Examples:
Carbon Dioxide CO2 (C = 12.01g/mol, O = 16.00 g/mol)
C= 1 x 12.01 g/mol = 12.01 g/mol
O= 2 x 16.00 g/mol = 32.00 g/mol
= 44.01 g/mol
 What is molar mass?
For molecules: The molar mass is the sum of the atomic
masses of the atoms present in that molecule.

Examples:
Glucose C6H12O6 (C = 12.01g/mol, H = 1.01g/mol, O = 16 g/mol)
C= 6 x 12.01 g/mol = 72.06 g/mol
H= 12 x 1.01g/mol = 12.12 g/mol
O= 6 x 16 g/mol = 96 g/mol
= 180.18 g/mol
 activity
1. Find the molar mass of ethanol
(C2H5OH).
2. What is the molar mass of Sulfur
Dioxide (SO2)?
 Mole Concept
Mole provides a bridge from the
molecular scale to the real-world
scale.
Calculations in
the
Mole Concept
 Mole Concept
Mole provides a bridge from the
molecular scale to the real-world
scale.
Molar Mass Avogadro’s
Number
Moles to Particles (Vice
Versa)

1. How many atoms are there in

2.45 mol of Cu?
Moles to Particles (Vice
Versa)

2. How many molecules are

there in 4 moles of CO2?
 Moles to Particles (Vice
Versa)

3. A silver ring contains 1.1 x 1023

silver atoms. How many moles of silver
are in the ring?
 Moles to Particles (Vice
Versa)

4. There are 7.5 x 1023 molecules of

CO2 in the tank. How many moles of CO2
are in present in the tank?
 Moles to grams (Vice
Versa)

1. How many grams does 1.5 mol of Na

weigh? (Na = 22.99g/mol)
 Moles to grams (Vice
Versa)

2. Relate the mass in grams of 0.25

moles of H2O.
(H = 1.01g/mol, O = 16g/mol)
 Moles to grams (Vice
Versa)

3. How many moles are present in 20g

of Ag? (Ag = 107.87 g/mol)
 Moles to grams (Vice
Versa)

4. How many moles are present in 100g of

Aspirin (C9H8O4)?
(C = 12.01g/mol, H = 1.01g/mol, O =
grams to particles (Vice
Versa)

1. How many aluminum atoms are in a can

weighing 16.2g?
(Al = 26.98g/mol)
 activity

1. How many molecules are present in 2.5

mol of NH3?
2. Calculate the moles of C in 0.0265g of
pencil lead.
3. How many atoms of Cu are present in
35.4g of Cu?
 Percentage
Composition
Science Quarter 2 – Week 7

January, 2022
MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING
COMPETENCY
Determine the percentage
composition of a compound given
its chemical formula and vice versa.
Out of 40 items, you were
able to answer 36 items
correctly.

1 2
36/40 90%
Percentage =
 There are 200 apples. 30 apples are
considered bad and will not be for sale.
How many percent of the apples are bad?

Percentage =
Percentage =

Percentage = .15
Percentage = 15%
In the laboratory, you
may perform
experiments that will
require you to prepare
solutions or to verify
the purity of some
substances.
 Percent Composition
is the mass percent of each
element in the compound.

% of an element =
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
% of an element =

1. Ethanol (C2H6O) is an
alcohol obtained by fermenting
sugars in grapes, corn, and
other fruits and grains.
Calculate the percent by mass
of each element in ethanol.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
% of an element =

2. Propane (C3H8) is one of the compounds

obtained from petroleum. Calculate the percent
composition of propane.

3. How many grams of hydrogen are

contained in a 39.0 g sample of propane?

4. How many grams are carbon?

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
% of an element =

5. Calculate the percent

composition of glucose (C6H12O6).
 ACTIVITY
% of an element =

a. Let us find the percent

composition of water compound
(H2O).
 ACTIVITY
% of an element =

b. Solve the percent composition

of carbon dioxide (CO2).
 Water Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen = 11.11 % Carbon = 27.27 %
Oxygen = 88.89 % Oxygen = 72.73 %

Hydrogen; 11.11;
11%

Carbon;
27.27; 27%

Oxygen;
72.73; 73%

Oxygen; 88.89; 89%

 Determining the
Chemical/Empirical Formula
from Percentage Composition

A chemical/empirical formula is
described as a ratio between the
number of atoms of different
elements present in a molecule of
a compound.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A compound is found to contain
11.11% hydrogen (H) and 88.89%
oxygen (O). What is
chemical/empirical formula of the
compound?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A compound is found to contain
27.27% carbon (C) and 72.73%
oxygen (O). What is
chemical/empirical formula of the
compound?
 IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING THE
PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS
1. Choosing the best fertilizer that
contains the highest percent composition
of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and
potassium) needed by the soil will help
farmers yield more crops. Higher nitrogen
and potassium content in a fertilizer
means more nutrients for the soil and
plants.
 IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING THE
PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS

2. Because of the threat of the Covid-19,

we are advised to use more concentrated
alcohols that can kill viruses. Using 70%
isopropyl alcohol instead of the
available 40% concentration is better.
 IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING THE
PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS

3. In choosing clothes to buy, we should

check the percent composition of cotton
in the fabric. For comfort in wearing, we
usually settle for high cotton content in
clothes.
 IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING THE
PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS

4. In the field of industry, the

exact amounts of substances to
make a compound are very necessary
in order to produce the desired
product.
 IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING THE
PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS

5. Substance intake can

also be monitored using
the percent composition
of compounds.