Chemical Bond
Chemical Bond
WATER
MOLECULE
CHEMICAL BOND
It is the physical phenomenon of chemical
substance being held together by the attraction
of atoms to each other through sharing, as well
as exchanging of electrons or electrostatic force.
CHEMICAL BOND
Atoms strive to have a full outer Bohr Atomic Model
shell (allowed orbit), which
gives a stable structure. They
may share, give away or receive
extra electrons to achieve
stability. The way atoms will
form bonds with others, and the
ease with which they will do it,
is determined by the
configuration of electrons.
What causes this forces?
Bonds are formed when
constituent atoms come Example
close enough together
such that the outer
electrons of one atom
are attracted to the
positive nuclear charge
of its neighboring atom. Sodium Fluoride
Why form chemical bonds?
Atoms interact with one
another to form aggregates
such as molecules, compounds,
and crystals because doing so
lowers the total energy of the
system; that is, the aggregates
are more stable than the
isolated atoms.
Why form chemical bonds?
Many atoms become stable
when their outermost shell
is filled with electrons or
when they satisfy the octet
rule (by having eight
electrons in their
outermost shell).
Why form chemical bonds?
Molecular bonding and
structure play the
central role in
determining the course
of chemical reactions,
many of which are vital
to our survival.
Both graphite and diamond are composed solely of carbon
atoms. However, graphite is a soft, slippery material used in
pencils, and diamond is one of the hardest materials known,
valuable both as a gemstone and in industrial cutting tools.
Types of
Chemical bond
2 What are the different types
of chemical bond and how
are each type formed?
The type of bonding is
determined by how the
outermost electrons of an atom,
the so-called valence electrons
interact with neighboring atoms.
The type of bonding is
determined by how the
outermost electrons of an atom,
the so-called valence electrons
interact with neighboring atoms.
The position of an
element in the periodic
table determines the
type of bonds it make.
The position of an element in the periodic table
determines the type of bonds it make.
Nonmetals
Metalloids
Metals
1
Groups/Family 8
2 3 4 5 6 7
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING
IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND
-results from the transfer of -results from the sharing of
electrons from one element to electrons between two atoms.
another.
Gilbert Lewis
(1875-1946)
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
SCALE
An American Chemist, was the
first to enunciate an
understanding of a physical
interpretation of the bonds
between molecules from a
chemical perspective, and of the
Linus Carl
Pauling nature of crystals.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY SCALE
Electronegativity – is a measure of the
attraction of a bonded atom for the pair
of electrons in a covalent bond.
Linus Carl
Pauling
LEWIS Sodium
DIAGRAM Chloride
Metal Nonmetal Ionic Compound
LEWIS
DIAGRAM
2 6
Magnesium 8
Oxide
12
Mg Metals O
Magnesium Oxygen
Nonmetals
LEWIS DIAGRAM
Metal Nonmetal Ionic Compound
Calcium Chloride
2 7
17
Cl
20
Chloride
Ca Metals
Calcium
Nonmetals
SOME COMMON IONIC COMPOUNDS AND
THEIR USES
NAME & CHEMICAL FORMULA USES
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Food preparation; manufacture of chlorine and
sodium hydroxide
Cobalt Chloride (CoCl2) Known as silica gel which absorbs water
Potassium Iodide (KI) Iodine supplement in iodized salt
Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) Antiseptic and Germicide
Sodium Nitrate (NaNO2) Meat preservation additive
Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) Used in deodorants
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) Used in gunpowder, matches, and fireworks
covalent bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond
formed through the sharing of one
or more pairs of electrons between
two atoms.
Hydrogen Molecule
COVALENT BOND
Nonmetal Nonmetal Covalent Compound
When hydrogen atoms
are close together, the
two electrons are
simultaneously
attracted to both 1
nuclei. The electron
probability increases 1
Hydrogen
1
Molecule
1
H Nonmetals
Hydrogen
Nonmetal Nonmetal Covalent Compound
LEWIS
DIAGRAM
Chlorine
Molecule 7
17
Cl
Chlorine
Nonmetals
Nonmetal Nonmetal Covalent Compound
LEWIS
DIAGRAM
Hydrogen
Chloride 1
7
1
H Nonmetals 17
Hydrogen Cl
Chlorine
Nonmetals
TWO TYPES OF COVALENT BOND
Hydrogen
Chloride 1
7
1
H Nonmetals 17
Hydrogen Cl
Chlorine
Nonmetals
NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND
- It forms between two atoms of the same element, or between atoms
of different elements that share electrons more or less equally.
LEWIS Nonmetal Nonmetal Covalent Compound
DIAGRAM
Hydrogen
1
Molecule
1
H Nonmetals
Hydrogen
COMMON COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Many soluble in non-polar liquids but Many soluble in water but not in non-
not in water polar liquid
Formation of Ions
Science Quarter 2 – Week 3
January, 2023
MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING
COMPETENCY
Explain how ions
are formed.
5. How do we
1. What is 3. What are the
write chemical
an ion? types of ion?
formula with
ions?
formed
Sodium Chloride LOSE
electrons.
GAIN
+ -
types of Ions
3 What are the types of
Ions?
CATION
A positively charged ion;
IonsIONS
are formed produced when one or
are
more electrons are lost
when
formeda neutral
when a from a neutral atom.
atom loseatom
neutral or
gain
lose orone
gainorone ANION
moreorelectrons.
more A negatively charged ion;
electrons. produced when a neutral
atom gains one or more
extra electrons.
CATION
A positively charged ion; produced when one or more
electrons are lost from a neutral atom.
ANION
A negatively charged ion;
produced when a neutral atom gains one or more extra
electrons.
ANION CATION
How does the
How does the
Periodic Table of
Periodic Table of
Elements help us
Elements help us
what type of ion is
what type of ion is
formed by a given
formed by a given
atom?
atom?
OXIDATION
NUMBER
- It is the total number
of electrons that an
atom either gains or
loses in order to form
a chemical bond with
another atom.
+1
+2 +3 -3
-2
-1
naming of
4 Ions
How do we name ions?
CATION
A cation is named
simply by adding
the term “ion”
after the name of
the parent atom.
CATION
A cation is named simply by adding the term
“ion” after the name of the parent atom.
3. Potassium Chloride
= KCl
+1
+3 -3
+2
-2
-1
IMPORTANCE OF IONS IN OUR BODY
(Ions found outside the cell)
IONS USE SOURCES
Na + Regulates and controls body fluids Salt,
seafood
Ca +2 Important in blood clotting Milk,
mechanism, major cation in the cheese,
bone, heartbeat control, muscle butter,
smoother meats,
vegetables
Mg +2 Needed the body enzymes; involved Green
in the action of nerves and plants, nuts
muscles
Cl - Necessary in gastric juice Salt,
seafood
IMPORTANCE OF IONS IN OUR BODY
(Ions found outside the cell)
IONS USE SOURCES
Ge +4 Improves the immune system,
oxygen supply in the body, and
Potato, garlic, carrot
destroying free radicals.
I -2 Used to treat and prevent
iodine deficiency and as an
Fish, seaweed,
shrimp,iodized salt,
antiseptic dairy products
P - Formation of bones and teeth Meats, seafood, fish,
nuts
O -2 Gives energy for our cells to Spinach, bell peppers,
work and not only the cells but potatoes, carrots,
also the cell organelles green beans
IMPORTANCE OF IONS IN OUR BODY
(Ions found inside the cell)
IONS USE SOURCES
HPO4 -2 Found in the body fluids Fish, meats,
and bones cereals, dairy
products
K + Regulates and controls Bananas, orange
body fluids juice, skim milk
O -2 Gives energy for our Spinach, bell
cells to work and not peppers, potatoes,
only the cells but also carrots, green
the cell organelles beans
IONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Do you know that the upper atmosphere contains a
high concentration of positive ions, while the
ground contains negative charges?
The usual ratio is 5 positive ions
is to 4 negative ions. It is the
ratio that life evolves.
Scientific studies showed that if
the natural ratio is upset, it
would be damaging to human
physical and mental well-being. An
overdose of positive ions is bad,
while an overload of negative ions
seems to be beneficial.
IONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Why do you normally feel bad before a storm and
on humid days?
Your grandparents may even say
“it’s going to rain; I can feel
it.” Positive ions are produced
between air masses and between
layers of the wind. On humid and
dusty days, there is an overdose
of positive ions because negative
ions attach themselves to
particles of dust and moisture,
thus losing their charge.
IONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Freshness after the storm?
What do you feel after the storm?
You feel vigorous and refreshed.
The air is fresh and clean. Why
does the feeling of freshness
pervade the air after the storm?
This is because, after the storm,
there is an overdose of negative
ions that ease tension and
pressure. This makes us feel that
we are full of energy.
IONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
In the mountains and on the hills, you feel rested. Why?
It is because there is less
dust in the air to consume
the negative ions. By the
seashore and near a
waterfall, you feel good.
The energy of moving water
gives a lot of negative
ions. Niagara Falls are
considered the most amazing
negative ion generator in
the world.
These are only some of the documented evidence in the
research made by America’s Dr. Kruegar and Israel’s
Dr. Sulman on the ion effect
( Soyka, 1977).
The research on the effects of ions has not stopped. It
will probably take a long time before the last word can
be written on the subject. Meanwhile, it will not be
wrong if you consider the role played by ionization as a
physical factor that affects the environment, especially
pollution, health, and the behavior of humans.
organic
Carbon and
Organic
Compounds
Science Quarter 2 – Week 4 & 5
January, 2023
MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING
COMPETENCIES
Explain how the structure of the carbon atom affects the
type of bonds it forms.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
OF CARBON ATOM
THE CARBON ATOM
The name “carbon” comes
from the Latin word
“carbo” which means “coal
or charcoal”.
It is the 4th most abundant
element in the universe.
It is the 15th most
abundant element in the
Earth’s crust.
THE CARBON ATOM
Each carbon molecule
has four unpaired
electrons in its outer
energy shell.
Therefore, carbon atoms
can form covalent bonds
with up to four other
atoms, including other
carbon atoms.
THE CARBON ATOM
Carbon-based molecules have three fundamental
structures – straight chains, branched chains, and
rings
Straight – Branched – Cyclic alkane
chain alkane chain alkane
THE CARBON ATOM
LENGTH
BRANCHING
DOUBLE
BOND
POSITION PRESENCE
OF RINGS
COMMON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Alkanes or a saturated hydrocarbon – a large and
structurally simple class of hydrocarbons includes
those substances in which all the carbon-carbon bonds
are single bonds.
COMMON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Alkanes/Saturated hydrocarbon
Also called PARAFFIN. The simplest
alkanes are methane (CH4), ethane
(C2H6), and propane (C3H8). The alkanes
are important raw materials of the
chemical industry and the principal
constituent of gasoline and
lubricating oils.
COMMON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Alkanes/Saturated
hydrocarbon
Natural gas mainly contains
methane and ethane and is used for
heating and cooking purposes. This
gives them a general formula:
COMMON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Alkenes or unsaturated hydrocarbon – there is a double
bond between two carbon atoms. Alkenes have the general
formula CnH2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the
molecule. There is no alkene with only one carbon atom.
COMMON ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Alkynes – contain only one triple bond between two adjacent
carbon atoms.They have the general formula CnH2n-2, where n
is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
COMMON ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Alcohols are the organic
compounds in which a hydrogen
atom or an aliphatic carbon is
replaced with the hydroxyl
group (R–O–H). Some alcohols
are antiseptic or disinfectant,
cleaning agents, components of
liquors, and a few are used as
fuel for portable stoves or
other types of burners.
COMMON ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Carbonyl Compounds are a
functional group consisting of a
carbon atom with a double bond to
an oxygen atom C=O.
Acetone is used as a cleaning
agent like a nail polish remover,
and formaldehyde is used in
preserving organic materials like
an animal specimens.
THE CARBON ATOM
Carbon is a highly
stable element that can
combine with almost any
other element to form a
few useful compounds.
Its major source is the
deposits of coal that
are buried deep inside
the earth.
ALLOTROPY
Existence of a chemical element in two or
more forms, which may differ in the
arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids or
in the occurrence of molecules that contain
different numbers of atoms.
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON ATOM
ALLOTROPE:
DIAMOND
It is the most well-known
carbon allotrope. Diamond
exhibits the highest hardness
and thermal conductivity of
any bulk material. The surface
of diamond is lipophilic and
hydrophobic. Diamonds do not
generally react with any
chemical reagents, including
strong acids and bases
ALLOTROPE:
GRAPHITE
It is an electrical
conductor and a semimetal.
Graphite is the most stable
form of carbon under
standard conditions and is
used in thermochemistry as
the standard state for
defining the heat of
formation of carbon
ALLOTROPE:
FULLERENES
It is also called buckyballs are
molecules of varying sizes
composed entirely of carbon that
take on the form of hollow
spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes.
Buckyballs and buckytubes have
been the subject of intense
research, both because of their
unique chemistry and for their
technological applications,
especially in materials science,
electronics, and nanotechnology.
ALLOTROPE:
CARBON NANOTUBES
A cylindrical carbon
molecule that
exhibits
extraordinary
strength and unique
electrical properties
and is an efficient
conductor of heat.
ALLOTROPE:
GRAPHENE
It is a single layer of
graphite and has
extraordinary electrical,
thermal, and physical
properties. It can be
produced by epitaxy on an
insulating or conducting
substrate or by mechanical
exfoliation (repeated
peeling) from graphite.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON
1. Color – the quality of a material or
substance with respect to light
reflected by the object.
2. Hardness – the ability of a material
to resist deformation.
3. Conductivity – the ability of a
material to conduct heat,
electricity, or sound.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON
4. Brittleness – the property of a
material that fractures when subjected
to stress but has a little tendency to
deform before rupture.
5. Phase – one of the forms in which
matter can exist, such as solid,
liquid, or gas.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CARBON
LIGHT
1. It has 4
valence
electrons that
enable it to
form 4 covalent
bonds.
WHY IS CARBON ATOM UNIQUE?
2. It can bond
with other
carbon atoms and
other non-metal
atoms in many
ways.
WHY IS CARBON ATOM UNIQUE?
3. It can form
single, double,
and triple
bonds.
WHY IS CARBON ATOM UNIQUE?
4. It can form
long carbon-
carbon chains;
one atom in the
chain can result
to another
molecule.
WHY IS CARBON ATOM UNIQUE?
atoms. = Ethanol
(ethyl alcohol or drinking
alcohol)
CARBON FOUR MAIN REACTIONS
4. SUBSTITUTION
REACTION – is a
reaction in which
a functional
group in a
compound is
replaced by When Chlorine atoms in Methyl
Chloride are displaced by the
another hydroxide ion, forming Methanol
(methyl alcohol or non_x0002_drinking
alcohol).
Uses of Carbon Atom
Carbon (in the form of coal,
which is mainly carbon) is used
as fuel.
Graphite is used for pencil
tips, high - temperature
crucibles, dry cells,
electrodes, and a lubricant.
Uses of Carbon Atom
Diamonds are used in jewelry,
and because they are so hard,
they used them for cutting,
drilling, grinding, and
polishing
Carbon black is used as the
black pigment in printing ink
Uses of Carbon Atom
Monosaccharide
(one unit)
Disaccharide
(two units)
Polysaccharide
(long chain)
1. CARBOHYDRATES
The functions of
carbohydrates are:
acts as main
source of energy
plants and
animals use it for
structural
purposes.
2. LIPIDS
- Lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms.
2. LIPIDS
- Lipids have higher hydrogen to oxygen
ratio than is found in carbohydrates.
2. LIPIDS
- The 3 major groups of lipids are triglycerides
(fats, oils, waxes), steroids, and
phospholipids.
2. LIPIDS
- In most human
health
situations, the
composition of
unsaturated fats
is preferred to
the consumption
of saturated
fats.
2. LIPIDS
- Saturated fats
are solid at room
temperature and
bad for you,
while unsaturated
fats are liquid
at room
temperature and
are better for
2. LIPIDS
The functions of
lipids are:
store energy
for long term.
Waterproof
covering.
3. PROTEINS
Proteins consist
of hydrogen,
oxygen, carbon,
and nitrogen
atoms.
3. PROTEINS
Some proteins
contain other
atoms, such as
sulfur,
phosphorus,
iron, copper, or
magnesium.
3. PROTEINS
Proteins
consist of
chains of
amino acids
called
peptides.
3. PROTEINS
The functions of
proteins are:
Cellular
structures
Controls
substances in and
out of cell.
Fight diseases
4. NUCLEIC ACID
Nucleic acids are the
molecules in our
cells that direct and
store information for
reproduction and
cellular growth.
4. NUCLEIC ACID
There are two types
of nucleic acids:
1. Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA)
2. Deoxyribonucleic
Acid (DNA)
4. NUCLEIC ACID
Both nucleic acids
are unbranched
organic polymers
composed of monomer
units called
nucleotides.
4. NUCLEIC ACID
These nucleotides are
composed of a sugar
molecule, a nitrogen
base, and phosphoric
acid.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BIOMOLECULES
1. Carbohydrates – provides an energy
source for animals; includes sugar and
starch, among others.
2. Lipids – insoluble compounds in
water; includes fats, oils and waxes
(used for long term energy storage).
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BIOMOLECULES
3. Proteins – composed of amino acids
and includes enzymes (speed up chemical
reactions), antibodies, hormones and
muscle fibers
4. Nucleic Acid – compound that can
carry genetic information.
Mole
Concept
Science Quarter 2 – Week 6
January, 2023
MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING
COMPETENCY
Use the mole concept to
express mass of substance.
What is Mole?
What is Mole?
Mole
Concept
MOLES
MOLAR MASS
What is a
mole?
Mole is a counting unit
which is equivalent to
6.022 x 1023 particles
or the Avogadro’s
number.
It is used to count
particles (atoms,
molecules, or ions) Amedeo Avogadro
What is a mole?
It was based on
the number of
atoms in exactly
12 grams of
Carbon - 12
What is a molar
mass?
196.97
63.55 g/mol
g/mol
What is molar mass?
For molecules: The molar mass is the sum of the
atomic masses of the atoms present in that
molecule.
Examples:
Water molecule H2O (H = 1.01g/mol, O = 16 g/mol)
H= 2 x 1.01 g/mol = 2.02 g/mol
O= 1 x 16 g/mol = 16 g/mol
= 18.02 g/mol
What is molar mass?
For molecules: The molar mass is the sum of the atomic
masses of the atoms present in that molecule.
Examples:
Carbon Dioxide CO2 (C = 12.01g/mol, O = 16.00 g/mol)
C= 1 x 12.01 g/mol = 12.01 g/mol
O= 2 x 16.00 g/mol = 32.00 g/mol
= 44.01 g/mol
What is molar mass?
For molecules: The molar mass is the sum of the atomic
masses of the atoms present in that molecule.
Examples:
Glucose C6H12O6 (C = 12.01g/mol, H = 1.01g/mol, O = 16 g/mol)
C= 6 x 12.01 g/mol = 72.06 g/mol
H= 12 x 1.01g/mol = 12.12 g/mol
O= 6 x 16 g/mol = 96 g/mol
= 180.18 g/mol
activity
1. Find the molar mass of ethanol
(C2H5OH).
2. What is the molar mass of Sulfur
Dioxide (SO2)?
Mole Concept
Mole provides a bridge from the
molecular scale to the real-world
scale.
Calculations in
the
Mole Concept
Mole Concept
Mole provides a bridge from the
molecular scale to the real-world
scale.
Molar Mass Avogadro’s
Number
Moles to Particles (Vice
Versa)
January, 2022
MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING
COMPETENCY
Determine the percentage
composition of a compound given
its chemical formula and vice versa.
Out of 40 items, you were
able to answer 36 items
correctly.
1 2
36/40 90%
Percentage =
There are 200 apples. 30 apples are
considered bad and will not be for sale.
How many percent of the apples are bad?
Percentage =
Percentage =
Percentage = .15
Percentage = 15%
In the laboratory, you
may perform
experiments that will
require you to prepare
solutions or to verify
the purity of some
substances.
Percent Composition
is the mass percent of each
element in the compound.
% of an element =
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
% of an element =
1. Ethanol (C2H6O) is an
alcohol obtained by fermenting
sugars in grapes, corn, and
other fruits and grains.
Calculate the percent by mass
of each element in ethanol.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
% of an element =
Hydrogen; 11.11;
11%
Carbon;
27.27; 27%
Oxygen;
72.73; 73%
A chemical/empirical formula is
described as a ratio between the
number of atoms of different
elements present in a molecule of
a compound.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A compound is found to contain
11.11% hydrogen (H) and 88.89%
oxygen (O). What is
chemical/empirical formula of the
compound?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A compound is found to contain
27.27% carbon (C) and 72.73%
oxygen (O). What is
chemical/empirical formula of the
compound?
IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING THE
PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS
1. Choosing the best fertilizer that
contains the highest percent composition
of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and
potassium) needed by the soil will help
farmers yield more crops. Higher nitrogen
and potassium content in a fertilizer
means more nutrients for the soil and
plants.
IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING THE
PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS