Chapter 09

Chapter 9
Testing the Difference

Between Two Means, Two
Proportions, and Two
Variances
McGraw-Hill, Bluman, 7th ed., Chapter 9 1
Chapter 9 Overview
Introduction
 9-1 Testing the Difference Between Two
Means: Using the z Test
 9-2 Testing the Difference Between Two Means of
Independent Samples: Using the t Test
 9-3 Testing the Difference Between Two Means:
Dependent Samples
 9-4 Testing the Difference Between Proportions
 9-5 Testing the Difference Between Two Variances
Bluman, Chapter 9 2
Chapter 9 Objectives
1. Test the difference between sample means,
using the z test.
2. Test the difference between two means for
independent samples, using the t test.
3. Test the difference between two means for
dependent samples.
4. Test the difference between two proportions.
5. Test the difference between two variances or
standard deviations.
Bluman, Chapter 9 3
9.1 Testing the Difference Between
Two Means: Using the z Test
Assumptions:
1. The samples must be independent of each
other. That is, there can be no relationship
between the subjects in each sample.
2. The standard deviations of both
populations must be known, and if the
sample sizes are less than 30, the
populations must be normally or
approximately normally distributed.
Bluman, Chapter 9 4
Hypothesis Testing Situations in
the Comparison of Means
Bluman, Chapter 9 5
Hypothesis Testing Situations in
the Comparison of Means
Bluman, Chapter 9 6
Testing the Difference Between
Two Means: Large Samples
Formula for the z test for comparing two means from
independent populations
z
 X 1  X 2    1   2 
2 2
 
1 2
n1 n2
Bluman, Chapter 9 7
Chapter 9
Two Means, Two Proportions,
and Two Variances
Section 9-1
Example 9-1
Page #475
Bluman, Chapter 9 8
Example 9-1: Hotel Room Cost
A survey found that the average hotel room rate in New
Orleans is $88.42 and the average room rate in Phoenix is
$80.61. Assume that the data were obtained from two
samples of 50 hotels each and that the standard deviations
of the populations are $5.62 and $4.83, respectively. At α =
0.05, can it be concluded that there is a significant
difference in the rates?
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

H0: μ1 = μ2 and H1: μ1  μ2 (claim)
Step 2: Find the critical value.

The critical value is z = ±1.96.
Bluman, Chapter 9 9
samples of 50 hotels each and that the standard
deviations of the populations are $5.62 and $4.83,
respectively. At α = 0.05, can it be concluded that there is
a significant difference in the rates?
Step 3: Compute the test value.
z
 X 1  X 2    1   2 
 12  22

n1 n2
Bluman, Chapter 9 10
samples of 50 hotels each and that the standard
deviations of the populations are $5.62 and $4.83,
respectively. At α = 0.05, can it be concluded that there is
a significant difference in the rates?
z
 88.42  80.61   0 
 7.45
2 2
5.62 4.83

50 50
Step 4: Make the decision.
Reject the null hypothesis at α = 0.05, since 7.45 >
1.96.
Step 5: Summarize the results.

There is enough evidence to support the claim that the
means are not equal. Hence, there is a significant
difference in the rates.
Chapter 9
Testing the Difference
Between Two Means, Two
Proportions, and Two
Variances
Section 9-1
Example 9-2
Page #475
Example 9-2: College Sports Offerings
A researcher hypothesizes that the average number of
sports that colleges offer for males is greater than the
average number of sports that colleges offer for females. A
sample of the number of sports offered by colleges is
shown. At α = 0.10, is there enough evidence to support the
claim? Assume 1 and 2 = 3.3.
H0: μ1 = μ2 and H1: μ1 > μ2 (claim)

Using a calculator, we find
For the males: = 8.6 and 1 = 3.3
For the females: = 7.9 and 2 = 3.3
Substitute in the formula.
X1
X2
z
 X 1  X 2    1   2 

 8.6  7.9    0 
 1.06
 12  22 3.32 3.32
 
n1 n2 50 50
Step 3: Find the P-value.
For z = 1.06, the area is 0.8554.
The P-value is 1.0000 - 0.8554 = 0.1446.
Do not reject the null hypothesis.

There is not enough evidence to support the claim that
colleges offer more sports for males than they do for
females.
Confidence Intervals for the
Difference Between Two Means
Formula for the z confidence interval for the difference between
two means from independent populations
 12  22
X 1  X 2   z 2
n1

n2
  1  2 
 12  22
  X 1  X 2   z 2 
n1 n2
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-1
Example 9-3
Page #478
Example 9-3: Confidence Intervals
Find the 95% confidence interval for the difference
between the means for the data in Example 9–1.
 12  22
X 1  X 2   z 2
n1

n2
 1  2
 12  22
  X 1  X 2   z 2 
n1 n2
5.622 4.832
88.42  80.61  1.96   1  2
50 50
5.622 4.832
 88.42  80.61  1.96 
50 50
7.81  2.05  1  2  7.81  2.05
5.76  1  2  9.86
Two Means: Using the t Test
Formula for the t test for comparing two means from independent populations with unequal variances
where the degrees of freedom are equal to the smaller of n1 – 1 or n2 – 1.
t
 X 1  X 2    1   2 
s12 s22

n1 n2
Two Means: Using the t Test
 There is a different formula for the t test for comparing
two means from independent populations with equal
variances. To determine whether two sample variances
are equal, the researcher can use an F test.
 Note, however, that not all statisticians are in
agreement about using the F test before using the t
test. Some believe that conducting the F and t tests at
the same level of significance will change the overall
level of significance of the t test. Their reasons are
beyond the scope of this textbook. Because of this, we
will assume that 1  2 in this textbook.
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-2
Example 9-4
Page #485
Example 9-4: Farm Sizes
The average size of a farm in Indiana County,
Pennsylvania, is 191 acres. The average size of a farm in
Greene County, Pennsylvania, is 199 acres. Assume the
data were obtained from two samples with standard
deviations of 38 and 12 acres, respectively, and sample
sizes of 8 and 10, respectively. Can it be concluded at
α = 0.05 that the average size of the farms in the two
counties is different? Assume the populations are normally
distributed.

H0: μ1 = μ2 and H1: μ1  μ2 (claim)
Step 2: Find the critical values.
Since the test is two-tailed, a = 0.05, and the variances
are unequal, the degrees of freedom are the smaller of
n1 – 1 or n2 – 1. In this case, the degrees of freedom
are 8 – 1 = 7. Hence, from Table F, the critical values
are -2.365 and 2.365.
Step 3: Find the test value.
t
 X 1  X 2    1   2  191  199    0 

s12 s22 382 122
 
n1 n2 8 10
 0.57

There is not enough evidence to support the claim that the
average size of the farms is different.
Confidence Intervals for the
Difference Between Two Means
Formula for the t confidence interval for the difference between two means from independent populations with unequal variances
d.f. smaller value of n1 – 1 or n2 – 1.
s12 s22
X 1  X 2   t 2 
n1 n2
  1  2 
s12 s22
  X 1  X 2   t 2 
n1 n2
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-2
Example 9-5
Page #478
s12 s22
X 1  X 2   t 2 
n1 n2
 1  2
s12 s22
  X 1  X 2   t 2 
n1 n2
382 122
191  199   2.365   1   2
8 10
382 12 2
 191  199   2.365 
8 10
41.0  1   2  25.0
Two Means: Dependent Samples
When the values are dependent, do a t test on the
differences. Denote the differences with the symbol D, the
mean of the population differences with μD, and the sample
standard deviation of the differences with sD.
D  D
t
sD n
with d.f. = n -1 and where
 D n D 2    D 2 
D and sD 
n n  n  1
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-3
Example 9-6
Page #493
Example 9-6: Vitamin for Strength
A physical education director claims by taking a special
vitamin, a weight lifter can increase his strength. Eight
athletes are selected and given a test of strength, using
the standard bench press. After 2 weeks of regular
training, supplemented with the vitamin, they are tested
again. Test the effectiveness of the vitamin regimen at
α = 0.05. Each value in the data represents the maximum
number of pounds the athlete can bench-press. Assume
that the variable is approximately normally distributed.

H0: μD = 0 and H1: μD < 0 (claim)

The degrees of freedom are n – 1 = 8 – 1 = 7. The
critical value for a left-tailed test with α = 0.05 is t
= -1.895.
Before (X1 ) After (X2 ) D = X1 – X2 D2
210 219 -9 81
230 236 -6 36
182 179 3 9
205 204 1 1
262 270 -8 64
253 250 3 9
219 222 -3 9
216 216 0 0
Σ D = -19 Σ D2 = 209
D
 D 19
  2.375
n 8
n D    D 
2 2
8  209   19 
2
sD    4.84
n  n  1 87
D  2.375, sD  4.84
D  D 2.375  0
t   1.388
sD n 4.84 8
Step 4: Make the decision. Do not reject the null.

the vitamin increases the strength of weight lifters.
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-3
Example 9-7
Page #495
Example 9-7: Cholesterol Levels
A dietitian wishes to see if a person’s cholesterol level will
change if the diet is supplemented by a certain mineral.
Six subjects were pretested, and then they took the
mineral supplement for a 6-week period. The results are
shown in the table. (Cholesterol level is measured in
milligrams per deciliter.) Can it be concluded that the
cholesterol level has been changed at α = 0.10? Assume
the variable is approximately normally distributed.

H0: μD = 0 and H1: μD  0 (claim)

The degrees of freedom are 5. At α = 0.10, the critical
values are ±2.015.
Before (X1 ) After (X2 ) D = X1 – X2 D2
210 190 20 400
235 170 65 4225
208 210 -2 4
190 188 2 4
172 173 -1 1
244 228 16 256
Σ D = 100 Σ D2 = 4890
D
 D 100
  16.7
n 6
n D    D 
2
6  4890  100 
2 2
sD    25.4
n  n  1 65
D  16.7, sD  25.4
D  D 16.7  0
t   1.610
sD n 25.4 6
Step 4: Make the decision. Do not reject the null.

the mineral changes a person’s cholesterol level.
Confidence Interval for the Mean
Difference
Formula for the t confidence interval for the mean difference
sD sD
D  t 2   D  D  t 2
n n
d.f.  n  1
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-3
Example 9-8
Page #498
sD sD
D  t 2   D  D  t 2
n n
25.4 25.4
16.7  2.015    D  16.7  2.015 
6 6
16.7  20.89   D  16.7  20.89
4.19   D  37.59
Since 0 is contained in the interval, the decision is to

not reject the null hypothesis H0: μD = 0.
Proportions
z
 pˆ1  pˆ 2    p1  p2 
1 1 
pq   
 n1 n2 
where
X1  X 2 X1
p pˆ1 
n1  n2 n1
X2
q  1 p pˆ 2 
n2
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-4
Example 9-9
Page #505
Example 9-9: Vaccination Rates
In the nursing home study mentioned in the chapter-
opening Statistics Today, the researchers found that 12
out of 34 small nursing homes had a resident vaccination
rate of less than 80%, while 17 out of 24 large nursing
homes had a vaccination rate of less than 80%. At
α = 0.05, test the claim that there is no difference in the
proportions of the small and large nursing homes with a
resident vaccination rate of less than 80%.
X 1 12 X 2 17
pˆ1    0.35 and pˆ 2    0.71
n1 34 n2 24
X 1  X 2 12  17 29
p    0.5, q  0.5
n1  n2 34  24 58
H0: p1 – p2 = 0 (claim) and H1: p1 – p2  0

Since α = 0.05, the critical values are -1.96
and 1.96.

z
 pˆ1  pˆ 2    p1  p2   0.35  0.71   0 

1 1   1 1 
pq     0.5  0.5    
 n1 n2   34 24 
 2.7
Reject the null hypothesis.

There is enough evidence to reject the claim that there is
no difference in the proportions of small and large
nursing homes with a resident vaccination rate of less
than 80%.
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-4
Example 9-10
Page #506
Example 9-10: Missing Work
In a sample of 200 workers, 45% said that they missed work because
of personal illness. Ten years ago in a sample of 200 workers, 35%
said that they missed work because of personal illness. At α = 0.01, is
there a difference in the proportion?
To compute , you must find X1 and X2.
p
X 1  pˆ1n1  0.45  200   90
X 2  pˆ 2 n2  0.35  200   70
X1  X 2 90  70 160
p    0.4, q  0.6
n1  n2 200  200 400
H0: p1 = p2 and H1: p1  p2 (claim)

Since α = 0.01, the critical values are -2.58
and 2.58.

z
 pˆ1  pˆ 2    p1  p2   0.45  0.35    0 

1 1   1 1 
pq     0.4  0.6    
 n1 n2   200 200 
 2.04

there is a difference in proportions.
Confidence Interval for the
Difference Between Proportions
Formula for the confidence interval for the difference between
proportions
pˆ1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ2
 pˆ1  pˆ 2   z 2   p1  p2
n1 n2
pˆ1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ2
  pˆ1  pˆ 2   z 2 
n1 n2
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-4
Example 9-11
Page #508
Find the 95% confidence interval for the difference of the
proportions for the data in Example 9–9.
X 1 12
pˆ1    0.35 and qˆ1  1  0.35  0.65
n1 34
X 2 17
pˆ 2    0.71 and qˆ2  1  0.71  0.29
n2 24
pˆ1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ2
 pˆ1  pˆ 2   z 2   p1  p2
n1 n2
pˆ1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ2
  pˆ1  pˆ 2   z 2 
n1 n2
Find the 95% confidence interval for the difference of the
proportions for the data in Example 9–9.
 0.35 0.65  0.710.29  
 0.35  0.71  1.96 p1  p2
34 24
  0.35  0.71  1.96

 0.35  0.65   0.71 0.29 
34 24
0.36  0.242  p1  p2  0.36  0.242
0.602  p1  p2  0.118
Since 0 is not contained in the interval, the decision is
to reject the null hypothesis H0: p1 = p2.
Two Variances
 In addition to comparing two means, statisticians are
interested in comparing two variances or standard
deviations.
 For the comparison of two variances or standard

deviations, an F test is used.
 The F test should not be confused with the chi-square

test, which compares a single sample variance to a
specific population variance, as shown in Chapter 8.
Characteristics of the F Distribution
1. The values of F cannot be negative, because
variances are always positive or zero.
2. The distribution is positively skewed.
3. The mean value of F is approximately equal to 1.
4. The F distribution is a family of curves based on the
degrees of freedom of the variance of the numerator
and the degrees of freedom of the variance of the
denominator.
Shapes of the F Distribution
Two Variances
s12
F 2
s2
where the larger of the two variances is placed in the
numerator regardless of the subscripts. (See note on
page 518.)
The F test has two terms for the degrees of freedom:

that of the numerator, n1 – 1, and that of the
denominator, n2 – 1, where n1 is the sample size from
which the larger variance was obtained.
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-5
Example 9-12
Page #514
Example 9-12: Table H
Find the critical value for a right-tailed F test when
α = 0.05, the degrees of freedom for the numerator
(abbreviated d.f.N.) are 15, and the degrees of freedom
for the denominator (d.f.D.) are 21.
Since this test is right-tailed with a 0.05, use the 0.05

table. The d.f.N. is listed across the top, and the d.f.D. is
listed in the left column. The critical value is found where
the row and column intersect in the table.
Find the critical value for a right-tailed F test when
α = 0.05, the degrees of freedom for the numerator
(abbreviated d.f.N.) are 15, and the degrees of freedom
for the denominator (d.f.D.) are 21.
F = 2.18
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-5
Example 9-13
Page #514
Find the critical value for a two-tailed F test with α = 0.05
when the sample size from which the variance for the
numerator was obtained was 21 and the sample size from
which the variance for the denominator was obtained was
12.
When you are conducting a two-tailed test, α is split; and

only the right tail is used. The reason is that F  1.
Since this is a two-tailed test with α = 0.05, the 0.05/2 =

0.025 table must be used.
Here, d.f.N. = 21 – 1 = 20, and d.f.D. = 12 – 1 = 11.
Find the critical value for a two-tailed F test with α = 0.05
when the sample size from which the variance for the
numerator was obtained was 21 and the sample size from
which the variance for the denominator was obtained was
12.
F = 3.23
Notes for the Use of the F Test
1. The larger variance should always be placed in the
numerator of the formula regardless of the subscripts.
(See note on page 518.)
2. For a two-tailed test, the α value must be divided by 2
and the critical value placed on the right side of the F
curve.
3. If the standard deviations instead of the variances are
given in the problem, they must be squared for the
formula for the F test.
4. When the degrees of freedom cannot be found in
Table H, the closest value on the smaller side should
be used.
Assumptions for Using the F Test
1. The populations from which the samples were
obtained must be normally distributed. (Note:
The test should not be used when the
distributions depart from normality.)
2. The samples must be independent of each

other.
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-5
Example 9-14
Page #516
Example 9-14: Heart Rates of Smokers
A medical researcher wishes to see whether the variance
of the heart rates (in beats per minute) of smokers is
different from the variance of heart rates of people who do
not smoke. Two samples are selected, and the data are
as shown. Using α = 0.05, is there enough evidence to
support the claim?

H 0 :  12   22 and H1 :  12   22 (claim)

Use the 0.025 table in Table H since α = 0.05 and this is
a two-tailed test. Here, d.f.N. = 25, and d.f.D. = 17. The
critical value is 2.56 (d.f.N. 24 was used).
s12 36
F 2   3.6
s2 10
Reject the null hypothesis, since 3.6 > 2.56.

There is enough evidence to support the claim that the
variance of the heart rates of smokers and nonsmokers
is different.
Chapter 9
and Two Variances
Section 9-5
Example 9-15
Page #516
Example 9-15: Doctor Waiting Times
The standard deviation of the average waiting time to see
a doctor for non-lifethreatening problems in the
emergency room at an urban hospital is 32 minutes. At a
second hospital, the standard deviation is 28 minutes. If a
sample of 16 patients was used in the first case and 18 in
the second case, is there enough evidence to conclude
that the standard deviation of the waiting times in the first
hospital is greater than the standard deviation of the
waiting times in the second hospital?

H 0 :  12   22 and H1 :  12   22 (claim)
The standard deviation of the average waiting time to see
a doctor for non-lifethreatening problems in the
emergency room at an urban hospital is 32 minutes. At a
second hospital, the standard deviation is 28 minutes. If a
sample of 16 patients was used in the first case and 18 in
the second case, is there enough evidence to conclude
that the standard deviation of the waiting times in the first
waiting times in the second hospital?

Here, d.f.N. = 15, d.f.D. = 17, and α = 0.01.
The critical value is F = 3.31.
s12 322
F  2  2  1.31
s2 28
Do not reject the null hypothesis since 1.31 < 3.31.

the standard deviation of the waiting times of the first
waiting times of the second hospital.

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Chapter 9

Testing the Difference

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

Step 2: Find the critical value.

Step 3: Compute the test value.

Step 3: Compute the test value.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

Step 2: Compute the test value.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

where the degrees of freedom are equal to the smaller of n1 – 1 or n2 – 1.

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

Step 3: Find the test value.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

d.f. smaller value of n1 – 1 or n2 – 1.

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

Step 2: Find the critical value.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

Step 2: Find the critical value.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

Since 0 is contained in the interval, the decision is to

Step 2: Find the critical value.

Step 3: Compute the test value.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

To compute , you must find X1 and X2.

Step 2: Find the critical value.

Step 3: Compute the test value.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

  0.35  0.71  1.96

0.36  0.242  p1  p2  0.36  0.242

 For the comparison of two variances or standard

 The F test should not be confused with the chi-square

The F test has two terms for the degrees of freedom:

Since this test is right-tailed with a 0.05, use the 0.05

When you are conducting a two-tailed test, α is split; and

Since this is a two-tailed test with α = 0.05, the 0.05/2 =

Here, d.f.N. = 21 – 1 = 20, and d.f.D. = 12 – 1 = 11.

2. The samples must be independent of each

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

Step 2: Find the critical value.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

Step 2: Find the critical value.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

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