Transistor DC Biasing 1

Transistor DC
Biasing Circuit
BJT Small Signal
Amplifier
DC AC
Analysis Analysis
Calculate the DC Q- Calculate gains of the

point amplifier
Purpose of DC biasing circuit
1. To turn the device “ON”

2. To place it in operation in the region of its characteristic where
the device operates most linearly .
3. Proper biasing circuit which it operate in linear region and circuit
have centered Q-point or midpoint biased
Effects of improper dc biasing
1. Distortion in the output signal.
2. Produce limited or clipped at output signal
KEY TERMS:
• DC Load Line
- A straight line plot of IC and VCE for transistor circuit.
• Q-point
- DC operating point along line between saturation and
cutoff
• Linear Region
- A region of operating along the load line between saturation
and cutoff
• Ac operation of a transistor amplifier depend on its initial dc
values. So the purpose of dc biasing is to set the initial
values of IB , IC and VCE.
Types of DC Biasing Circuits:

 Fixed-bias circuit
 Emitter-bias circuit
 Collector-emitter loop
 Voltage divider bias circuit
 DC bias with voltage feedback
FIXED BIAS CIRCUIT
 This is common emitter (CE)

configuration
 1st step: Locate capacitors
and replace them with an
open circuit.
 2nd step: Locate 2 main
loops which;
- BE loop (input loop)
- CE loop (output loop)
1st step: Locate capacitors and replace them
with an open circuit
2nd step: Locate 2 main loops.
BE loops.
 From KVL,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝐵 −𝑉 𝐵𝐸 =0
 Solving for base current IB,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 −𝑉 𝐵𝐸
𝐼 𝐵=
𝑅𝐵
CE loops.
 From KVL,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐶 𝑅𝐶 −𝑉 𝐶𝐸 =0
 Then,
𝑉 𝐶𝐸 =𝑉 𝐶 𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐶 𝑅𝐶
 Note that collector current IC is,
𝐼 𝐶 =𝛽 𝐷𝐶 𝐼 𝐵
 Then,
𝐼 𝐶 = 𝛽 𝐷𝐶
( 𝑉 𝐶𝐶 −𝑉 𝐵𝐸
𝑅𝐵 )
Note the RC does not affect the value of IC
Q-Point Stability of Fixed Bias
 Notice that IC is dependent on βDC.
 The disadvantage of this is that a variation in βDC
causes IC and, as a result, VCE to change, thus
changing the Q-point of the transistor.
 This makes the fixed bias circuit extremely beta-
dependent and unpredictable. For these reasons, fixed
bias is rarely used in linear circuits. However, it can be
used in switching applications.
 For improved bias stability , add emitter resistor to dc
bias.
Circuit Values Affect the Q-Point
Load line equation: Summary :
Value of RB sets the value of IB that set the

value of I
Example 1
Determine the following for the

fixed bias configuration
IB, IC, VCE, VB, VC and VBC
Example 2
a) Determine IC, VCC, β and RB for the
circuit shown in Figure below.
b) Draw the dc load line for the
Example 3
For the fixed bias configuration shown in
figure below, determine IC, RC, RB, VCE
EMITTER STABLIZED BIAS CIRCUIT
 An emitter resistor, RE is added

to improve stability
 1st step: Locate capacitors and
replace them with an open
circuit.
 2nd step: Locate 2 main loops
which;
 BE loop
 CE loop Resistor
2nd step: Locate 2 main loops.
BE Loop Analysis
 From KVL,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝐵 −𝑉 𝐵𝐸 − 𝐼 𝐸 𝑅 𝐸 =0
 Since 𝐼 𝐸 =( 𝛽 +1 ) 𝐼 𝐵
 Then,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝐵 −𝑉 𝐵𝐸 − ( 𝛽+1 ) 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝐸 =0
 Solving for IB,
( )
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉 𝐵𝐸
𝐼 𝐵=
𝑅 𝐵 + ( 𝛽 +1 ) 𝑅 𝐸
CE Loop Analysis
 From KVL,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐶 𝑅𝐶 −𝑉 𝐶𝐸 − 𝐼 𝐸 𝑅 𝐸 =0
 Assume 𝐼 𝐸 ≅ 𝐼𝐶
 Therefore,
)
Improved Biased Stability
The addition of the emitter resistor to the dc bias of the BJT

provides improved stability, that is, the dc bias currents and
voltages remain closer to where they were set by the circuit
when outside conditions, such as temperature and transistor
beta, change.
Load line equation: Summary
Example 4
For the emitter-stabilized bias

circuit shown in figure, determine IB,
IC, VCE, VC, VE, VB and VBC
Example 5
For the circuit configuration shown in figure
below, determine RC, RE, RB, VCE and VB
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CIRCUIT
 Provides good Q-point stability with a single polarity supply

voltage.
 This is the biasing circuit wherein, ICQ and VCEQ are almost
independent of β.
 Two methods of analyzing a voltage divider bias circuit are:
 Exact analysis : can be applied to any voltage divider
circuit
 Approximate analysis : direct method, saves time and
energy
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CIRCUIT (Exact method)
 1st step: Locate

capacitors and replace
them with an open
circuit.
 2nd step: Simplified circuit
using Thevenin Theorem
 3rd step: Locate 2 main
loops which;
- BE loop
- CE loop
2nd step: Simplified circuit using Thevenin
Theorem
 From Thevenin Theorem ,
𝑅1 𝑅 2
Thevenin Theorem, 𝑅 𝑇h = 𝑅 1 / ¿ 𝑅 2 =
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2
𝑉 𝑇h = ( 𝑅2
)
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑉 𝐶𝐶
3rd step: Locate 2 main loops
BE Loop Analysis  From KVL,
𝑉 𝑇h − 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝑇h −𝑉 𝐵𝐸 − 𝐼 𝐸 𝑅 𝐸 =0
 Since 𝐼 𝐸 =( 𝛽 +1 ) 𝐼 𝐵
 Substitute for IE,
𝑉 𝑇h − 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝑇h − 𝑉 𝐵𝐸 − ( 𝛽+1 ) 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝐸 =0
 Solving for IB,
𝐼 𝐵=
( 𝑉 𝑇h − 𝑉 𝐵𝐸
𝑅 𝑇h + ( 𝛽+1 ) 𝑅 𝐸 )
3rd step: Locate 2 main loops
CE Loop Analysis
 From KVL,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐶 𝑅𝐶 −𝑉 𝐶𝐸 − 𝐼 𝐸 𝑅 𝐸 =0
 Assume 𝐼 𝐸 ≅ 𝐼𝐶
 Therefore,
)
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS (Approximate method)
 If this condition applied then you can

use approximation method .
 This makes IB to be negligible. Thus I1
through R1 is almost same as the
current I2 through R2. Thus R1 and R2
can be considered as in series.
 Voltage divider can be applied to find
the voltage across R2 (VB)
 To analyze a voltage-divider circuit  And emitter current:
in which IB is small compared to I2,
first calculate the voltage on the 𝑉𝐸
base using the unloaded voltage- 𝐼 𝐸=
𝑅𝐸
divider rule:
𝑉 𝐵=
(𝑅2
𝑅1 + 𝑅 2
𝑉 𝐶𝐶
)  Assuming , then
𝑉 𝐶𝐸 =𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐶 ( 𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑅 𝐸 )
 Once VB is determined, the level
of VE can be calculated:
𝑉 𝐸 =𝑉 𝐵 − 𝑉 𝐵𝐸
This is a very stable bias circuit. The currents and

voltages are nearly independent of any variations in β.
Load line equation:
Example 6
a) Determine the Q point for
the circuit shown using exact
analysis.
b) Plot the dc load line for the
circuit

Transistor DC Biasing 1

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Transistor DC

Calculate the DC Q- Calculate gains of the

1. To turn the device “ON”

Types of DC Biasing Circuits:

 This is common emitter (CE)

 Solving for base current IB,

 Note that collector current IC is,

Value of RB sets the value of IB that set the

Determine the following for the

 An emitter resistor, RE is added

 Solving for IB,

The addition of the emitter resistor to the dc bias of the BJT

For the emitter-stabilized bias

 Provides good Q-point stability with a single polarity supply

 1st step: Locate

 From Thevenin Theorem ,

 Substitute for IE,

 Solving for IB,

 If this condition applied then you can

This is a very stable bias circuit. The currents and

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