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Transistor DC Biasing 1
Transistor DC Biasing 1
Biasing Circuit
BJT Small Signal
Amplifier
DC AC
Analysis Analysis
• DC Load Line
- A straight line plot of IC and VCE for transistor circuit.
• Q-point
- DC operating point along line between saturation and
cutoff
• Linear Region
- A region of operating along the load line between saturation
and cutoff
• Ac operation of a transistor amplifier depend on its initial dc
values. So the purpose of dc biasing is to set the initial
values of IB , IC and VCE.
From KVL,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝐵 −𝑉 𝐵𝐸 =0
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 −𝑉 𝐵𝐸
𝐼 𝐵=
𝑅𝐵
CE loops.
From KVL,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐶 𝑅𝐶 −𝑉 𝐶𝐸 =0
Then,
𝑉 𝐶𝐸 =𝑉 𝐶 𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐶 𝑅𝐶
𝐼 𝐶 =𝛽 𝐷𝐶 𝐼 𝐵
Then,
𝐼 𝐶 = 𝛽 𝐷𝐶
( 𝑉 𝐶𝐶 −𝑉 𝐵𝐸
𝑅𝐵 )
Note the RC does not affect the value of IC
Q-Point Stability of Fixed Bias
Notice that IC is dependent on βDC.
The disadvantage of this is that a variation in βDC
causes IC and, as a result, VCE to change, thus
changing the Q-point of the transistor.
This makes the fixed bias circuit extremely beta-
dependent and unpredictable. For these reasons, fixed
bias is rarely used in linear circuits. However, it can be
used in switching applications.
For improved bias stability , add emitter resistor to dc
bias.
Circuit Values Affect the Q-Point
Load line equation: Summary :
From KVL,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝐵 −𝑉 𝐵𝐸 − 𝐼 𝐸 𝑅 𝐸 =0
Since 𝐼 𝐸 =( 𝛽 +1 ) 𝐼 𝐵
Then,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝐵 −𝑉 𝐵𝐸 − ( 𝛽+1 ) 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝐸 =0
( )
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉 𝐵𝐸
𝐼 𝐵=
𝑅 𝐵 + ( 𝛽 +1 ) 𝑅 𝐸
CE Loop Analysis
From KVL,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐶 𝑅𝐶 −𝑉 𝐶𝐸 − 𝐼 𝐸 𝑅 𝐸 =0
Assume 𝐼 𝐸 ≅ 𝐼𝐶
Therefore,
)
Improved Biased Stability
𝑅1 𝑅 2
Thevenin Theorem, 𝑅 𝑇h = 𝑅 1 / ¿ 𝑅 2 =
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2
𝑉 𝑇h = ( 𝑅2
)
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑉 𝐶𝐶
3rd step: Locate 2 main loops
BE Loop Analysis From KVL,
𝑉 𝑇h − 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝑇h −𝑉 𝐵𝐸 − 𝐼 𝐸 𝑅 𝐸 =0
Since 𝐼 𝐸 =( 𝛽 +1 ) 𝐼 𝐵
𝑉 𝑇h − 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝑇h − 𝑉 𝐵𝐸 − ( 𝛽+1 ) 𝐼 𝐵 𝑅 𝐸 =0
𝐼 𝐵=
( 𝑉 𝑇h − 𝑉 𝐵𝐸
𝑅 𝑇h + ( 𝛽+1 ) 𝑅 𝐸 )
3rd step: Locate 2 main loops
CE Loop Analysis
From KVL,
𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐶 𝑅𝐶 −𝑉 𝐶𝐸 − 𝐼 𝐸 𝑅 𝐸 =0
Assume 𝐼 𝐸 ≅ 𝐼𝐶
Therefore,
)
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS (Approximate method)
𝑉 𝐵=
(𝑅2
𝑅1 + 𝑅 2
𝑉 𝐶𝐶
) Assuming , then
𝑉 𝐶𝐸 =𝑉 𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼 𝐶 ( 𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑅 𝐸 )
Once VB is determined, the level
of VE can be calculated:
𝑉 𝐸 =𝑉 𝐵 − 𝑉 𝐵𝐸