Basic Semantic Relationship

BASIC
SEMANTIC
RELATIONSHIP
SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIP are
the associations that there exist
between the meanings of words
(sematic relationship at word
level), between meaning of
phrases, or between the meanings
of sentences (semantic
relationships at phrase or
sentence level).
Some important kinds of SEMANTIC RELATIONS are:
Antonymy- A is opposite of B; (e.g. Cold is the opposite of
warm)
Antonymy is oppositeness of meaning between a word and the
other word or among words in the same part of speech, such as
good-bad (adjective-adjective) and fast-slowly (adverb-adverb).
According to Lyons (1977:286) who states that antonymy covers
the relation between lexical items whose meanings stand in
opposition to each other and it is often thought as the opposite
of synonymy.
single—married male—female
dead—alive pregnant—not pregnant
legal—illegal on—off
asleep—awake pass—fail
true—false raw—cooked
Homophones- Different words that share the same
sounds.
Ex. Right, write
piece, peace
A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same

(to varying extent) as another word but differs in
meaning. A homophone may also differ in spelling.
The two words may be spelled the same, as in rose
(flower) and rose (past tense of rise), or differently, as
in rain, reign, and rein.
Some common examples of homophones,
including the words used in a sentence, are:
• brake/break: When teaching my daughter how to drive, I told her
if she didn't hit the brake in time she would break the car's side
mirror.
• cell/sell: If you sell drugs, you will get arrested and end up in a
prison cell.
• cent/scent: I won't spend one cent on a bottle of perfume until I
know that I love the scent.
• die/dye: If you accidentally drank a bottle of fabric dye, you
might die.
• flour/flower: To bake a flower-shaped cake, you’ll need
some flour.
• for/four: I purchased four new pairs of shoes for my upcoming
vacation.
• heal/heel: If the heel breaks on your shoe, you might fall.
However, your injuries will heal over time.
hear/here: I wanted to sit here so I could hear the
singer performing without any distractions.
hour/our: We have one hour before our appointment
with the real estate agent.
idle/idol: Being idle makes me unhappy, but listening
to my idol Taylor Swift makes me happy.
knight/night: The knight is on his way to the castle,
but traveling at night is very dangerous.
knot/not: I do not know how she learned to tie
the knot to make that necklace.
Homonym- two concepts, A and
B, are expressed by the same
symbol. (e.g. Both a financial
institution and a edge of a river are
expressed by the word bank.
Examples:
Address – Address
• I can give you the address of a good attorney.
• That letter was addressed to me.
Band – Band
• The band was playing old Beatles songs.
• She always ties her hair back in a band.
• Many insects are banded black and yellow.
Bat – Bat
• I am afraid of bats.
• It’s his first time at bat in the major leagues.
Match – Match
• If you suspect a gas leak do not strike a match or use electricity.
• Her fingerprints match those found at the scene of the crime.
Mean – Mean
• What does this sentence mean?
• He needed to find a mean between frankness and rudeness.
Right – Right
• I’m sure I’m right.
• Take a right turn at the intersection.
Ring – Ring
• What a beautiful ring!
• The children sat on the floor in a ring.
Synonymy- A denotes the same as B; A is equivalent
with B.
The concept of synonymy is, of course, well-known
and intuitively obvious; it denotes sameness in
meaning, or sense, as with the words:
unhappy/sad huge/enormous
correct/right casual/informal
prisoner/convict present/gift
flourish/thrive donate/contribute
Examples of Synonyms
• Bad: awful, terrible, horrible.
• Good: fine, excellent, great.
• Hot: burning, fiery, boiling.
• Cold: chilly, freezing, frosty.
• Easy: Simple, effortless, straightforward.
• Hard: difficult, challenging, tough.
• Big: large, huge, giant.
• Small: tiny, little, mini.
SEMANTIC
ANOMALY
Definition:
 Semantic anomaly is the phenomenon that a
sentence, though grammatical, is meaning-
less because there is an incompatibility in
the meaning of the words.
 Semantic anomaly is a sentence that has no
meaning in the everyday world; it violates
semantics rules
Selectional Restrictions
It would appear that there are restrictions on the
compatibility or combinability of words. Not only
does a word contain certain semantic features, but it
may also require that words with which it occurs
contain certain features. These are called its se-
lectional restrictions.
When selectional restrictions are
violated, when there is an incompat-
ibility in the selectional restric-
tions of a word and the inherent
features of a word in combination
with it, we have semantic anom-
aly.
For example:
* The rooster laid an egg: lay an
egg requires a [-MALE] sub-
ject, while rooster is [+MALE].
(compare the explicit contradiction of
*The rooster is a hen, where
rooster is [+MALE] and hen is [-
MALE].
Figurative Language
Types of figurative language:
1. Oxymoron ( paradox) refers to expres-
sions which contain an explicit contradic-
tion, such as delicious torment, living death,
sweet sorrow, silent scream, cold comfort, good
grief, pleasing pain, or the Shakespearean "I
must be cruel only to be kind".
2. Tautology refers to expressions which
are "true by definition", offering no new in-
formation, such as A gander is a male
goose. or Word endings come at the end of
words.
3. Synesthesia refers to expressions
which combine a word from one sensory
domain with a word from an-
other sensory domain, such as cold
response, sweet sound, cool reception,
sharp rebuke, flat note, quiet color, or
soothing color.
4. Synecdoche refers to ex-
pressions which refer to a thing
by naming part of it, such as a
new face or new blood (= a
new person).
A typical kind of synecdoche is the
naming of something by naming
the material of which it is
composed such as a cock, an iron,
or a glass.
5. Metonymy refers to ex-
pressions which denote a thing
by naming something
associated with it, the bar
(=the legal profession),
the church (= religion).
6. Personification refers to
expressions which at-
tribute human qualities to
nonhuman or inanimate ob-
jects, such as The idea
grabbed me, The vending
machine ate my money.
7. Metaphor refers to
expressions which
transfers word from one
conceptual domain to
another . For example
lip of glass, eye of the
storm and mouth of rive.
Thank you!!

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BASIC

A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same

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